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README.md

Nix, the package manager, is built on and with Nix, the language. This page serves as a fast intro to most of the (small) language.

Unless otherwise specified, the word "Nix" refers only to the language below.

Please file an issue if something in here confuses you or you think something important is missing.

Table of Contents

Overview
Language constructs
Standard libraries
Derivations
Nix Idioms

Overview

Nix is:

purely functional. It has no concept of sequential steps being executed, any dependency between operations is established by depending on data from previous operations.

Everything in Nix is an expression, meaning that every directive returns some kind of data.

Evaluating a Nix expression yields a single data structure, it does not execute a sequence of operations.

Every Nix file evaluates to a single expression.
lazy. It will only evaluate expressions when their result is actually requested.

For example, the builtin function throw causes evaluation to stop. Entering the following expression works fine however, because we never actually ask for the part of the structure that causes the throw.
```
let attrs = { a = 15; b = builtins.throw "Oh no!"; };
in "The value of 'a' is ${toString attrs.a}"
```
purpose-built. Nix only exists to be the language for Nix, the package manager. While people have occasionally used it for other use-cases, it is explicitly not a general-purpose language.

Language constructs

This section describes the language constructs in Nix. It is a small language and most of these should be self-explanatory.

Primitives / literals

Nix has a handful of data types which can be represented literally in source code, similar to many other languages.

# numbers
42
1.72394

# strings & paths
"hello"
./some-file.json

# strings support interpolation
"Hello ${name}"

# multi-line strings (common prefix whitespace is dropped)
''
first line
second line
''

# lists (note: no commas!)
[ 1 2 3 ]

# attribute sets (field access with dot syntax)
{ a = 15; b = "something else"; }

Variable bindings

Bindings in Nix are introduced locally via let expressions, which make some variables available within a given scope.

For example:

let
  a = 15;
  b = 2;
in a * b

# yields 30

Variables are immutable. This means that after defining what a or b are, you can not modify their value in the scope in which they are available.

You can nest let-expressions to shadow variables.

Variables are not available outside of the scope of the let expression. There are no global variables.

Functions

All functions in Nix are anonymous. This means that they are treated just like data. Giving them names is accomplished by assigning them to variables, or setting them as values in an attribute set (more on that below).

# simple function
# declaration is simply the argument followed by a colon
name: "Hello ${name}"

Multiple arguments (currying)

Technically any Nix function can only accept one argument. Sometimes however, a function needs multiple arguments. This is achieved in Nix via currying, which means to create a function with one argument, that returns a function with another argument, that returns ... and so on.

For example:

name: age: "${name} is ${toString age} years old"

An additional benefit of this approach is that you can pass one parameter to a curried function, and receive back a function that you can re-use (similar to partial application):

let
  multiply = a: b: a * b;
  doubleIt = multiply 2; # at this point we have passed in the value for 'a' and
                         # receive back another function that still expects 'b'
in
  doubleIt 15

# yields 30

Multiple arguments (attribute sets)

Another way of specifying multiple arguments to a function in Nix is to make it accept an attribute set, which enables multiple other features:

{ name, age }: "${name} is ${toString age} years old"

Using this method, we gain the ability to specify default arguments (so that callers can omit them):

{ name, age ? 42 }: "${name} is ${toString age} years old"

Or in practice:

let greeter =  { name, age ? 42 }: "${name} is ${toString age} years old";
in greeter { name = "Slartibartfast"; }

# yields "Slartibartfast is 42 years old"
# (note: Slartibartfast is actually /significantly/ older)

Additionally we can introduce an ellipsis using ..., meaning that we can accept an attribute set as our input that contains more variables than are needed for the function.

let greeter = { name, age, ... }: "${name} is ${toString age} years old";
    person = {
      name = "Slartibartfast";
      age = 42;
      # the 'email' attribute is not expected by the 'greeter' function ...
      email = "slartibartfast@magrath.ea";
    };
in greeter person # ... but the call works due to the ellipsis.

`if ... then ... else ...`

Nix has simple conditional support. Note that if is an expression in Nix, which means that both branches must be specified.

if someCondition
then "it was true"
else "it was false"

`inherit` keyword

The inherit keyword is used in attribute sets or let bindings to "inherit" variables from the parent scope.

In short, a statement like inherit foo; expands to foo = foo;.

Consider this example:

let
  name = "Slartibartfast";
  # ... other variables
in {
  name = name; # set the attribute set key 'name' to the value of the 'name' var
  # ... other attributes
}

The name = name; line can be replaced with inherit name;:

let
  name = "Slartibartfast";
  # ... other variables
in {
  inherit name;
  # ... other attributes
}

This is often convenient, especially because inherit supports multiple variables at the same time as well as "inheritance" from other attribute sets:

inherit name age; # equivalent to `name = name; age = age;`

inherit (otherAttrs) email; # equivalent to `email = otherAttrs.email`;

`with` statements

The with statement "imports" all attributes from an attribute set into variables of the same name:

let attrs = { a = 15; b = 2; };
in with attrs; a + b # 'a' and 'b' become variables in the scope following 'with'

`import` / `NIX_PATH` / `<entry>`

Nix files can import each other by using the import keyword and a literal path:

# assuming there is a file lib.nix with some useful functions
let myLib = import ./lib.nix;
in myLib.usefulFunction 42

Nix files often begin with a function header to pass parameters into the rest of the file, so you will often see imports of the form import ./some-file { ... }.

Nix has a concept of a NIX_PATH (similar to the standard PATH environment variable) which contains named aliases for file paths containing Nix expressions.

In a standard Nix installation, several channels will be present (for example nixpkgs or nixos-unstable) on the NIX_PATH.

NIX_PATH entries can be accessed using the <entry> syntax, which simply evaluates to their file path:

<nixpkgs>
# might yield something like `/home/tazjin/.nix-defexpr/channels/nixpkgs`

This is commonly used to import from channels:

let pkgs = import <nixpkgs> {};
in pkgs.something

Standard libraries

Yes, libraries, plural.

Nix has three major things that could be considered its standard library and while there's a lot of debate to be had about this point, you still need to know all three.

`builtins`

Nix comes with several functions that are baked into the language. These work regardless of which other Nix code you may or may not have imported.

Most of these functions are implemented in the Nix interpreter itself, which means that they are rather fast when compared to some of the equivalents which are implemented in Nix itself.

The Nix manual has a section listing all builtins and their usage.

Examples of builtins that you will commonly encounter include, but are not limited to:

derivation (see Derivations)
toJSON / fromJSON
toString
toPath / fromPath

The builtins also include several functions that have the (spooky) ability to break Nix' evaluation purity. No functions written in Nix itself can do this.

Examples of those include:

fetchGit which can fetch a git-repository using the environment's default git/ssh configuration
fetchTarball which can fetch & extract archives without having to specify hashes

Read through the manual linked above to get the full overview.

`pkgs.lib`

The Nix package set, commonly referred to by Nixers simply as nixpkgs, contains a child attribute set called lib which provides a large number of useful functions.

The canonical definition of these functions is their source code. I wrote a tool ([nixdoc][]) in 2018 which generates manual entries for these functions, however not all of the files are included as of July 2019.

See the Nixpkgs manual entry on lib for the documentation.

These functions include various utilities for dealing with the data types in Nix (lists, attribute sets, strings etc.) and it is useful to at least skim through them to familiarise yourself with what is available.

{ pkgs ? import <nixpkgs> {} }:

with pkgs.lib; # bring contents pkgs.lib into scope

strings.toUpper "hello"

# yields "HELLO"

`pkgs` itself

The Nix package set itself does not just contain packages, but also many useful functions which you might run into while creating new Nix packages.

One particular subset of these that stands out are the trivial builders, which provide utilities for writing text files or shell scripts, running shell commands and capturing their output and so on.

{ pkgs ? import <nixpkgs> {} }:

pkgs.writeText "hello.txt" "Hello dear reader!"

# yields a derivation which creates a text file with the above content

Derivations

When a Nix expression is evaluated it may yield one or more derivations. Derivations describe a single build action that, when run, places one or more outputs (whether they be files or folders) in the Nix store.

The builtin function derivation is responsible for creating derivations at a lower level. Usually when Nix users create derivations they will use the higher-level functions such as stdenv.mkDerivation.

Please see the manual on derivations for more information, as the general build logic is out of scope for this document.

Nix Idioms

TODO(tazjin): This section should contain information on various Nix idioms, such as import headers, callPackage, fixed points (+ overrides / overlays) and so on.

README.md

Nix - A One Pager