377 lines
15 KiB
Text
377 lines
15 KiB
Text
SPECIFYING REVISIONS
|
|
--------------------
|
|
|
|
A revision parameter '<rev>' typically, but not necessarily, names a
|
|
commit object. It uses what is called an 'extended SHA-1'
|
|
syntax. Here are various ways to spell object names. The
|
|
ones listed near the end of this list name trees and
|
|
blobs contained in a commit.
|
|
|
|
NOTE: This document shows the "raw" syntax as seen by git. The shell
|
|
and other UIs might require additional quoting to protect special
|
|
characters and to avoid word splitting.
|
|
|
|
'<sha1>', e.g. 'dae86e1950b1277e545cee180551750029cfe735', 'dae86e'::
|
|
The full SHA-1 object name (40-byte hexadecimal string), or
|
|
a leading substring that is unique within the repository.
|
|
E.g. dae86e1950b1277e545cee180551750029cfe735 and dae86e both
|
|
name the same commit object if there is no other object in
|
|
your repository whose object name starts with dae86e.
|
|
|
|
'<describeOutput>', e.g. 'v1.7.4.2-679-g3bee7fb'::
|
|
Output from `git describe`; i.e. a closest tag, optionally
|
|
followed by a dash and a number of commits, followed by a dash, a
|
|
'g', and an abbreviated object name.
|
|
|
|
'<refname>', e.g. 'master', 'heads/master', 'refs/heads/master'::
|
|
A symbolic ref name. E.g. 'master' typically means the commit
|
|
object referenced by 'refs/heads/master'. If you
|
|
happen to have both 'heads/master' and 'tags/master', you can
|
|
explicitly say 'heads/master' to tell Git which one you mean.
|
|
When ambiguous, a '<refname>' is disambiguated by taking the
|
|
first match in the following rules:
|
|
|
|
. If '$GIT_DIR/<refname>' exists, that is what you mean (this is usually
|
|
useful only for `HEAD`, `FETCH_HEAD`, `ORIG_HEAD`, `MERGE_HEAD`
|
|
and `CHERRY_PICK_HEAD`);
|
|
|
|
. otherwise, 'refs/<refname>' if it exists;
|
|
|
|
. otherwise, 'refs/tags/<refname>' if it exists;
|
|
|
|
. otherwise, 'refs/heads/<refname>' if it exists;
|
|
|
|
. otherwise, 'refs/remotes/<refname>' if it exists;
|
|
|
|
. otherwise, 'refs/remotes/<refname>/HEAD' if it exists.
|
|
+
|
|
`HEAD` names the commit on which you based the changes in the working tree.
|
|
`FETCH_HEAD` records the branch which you fetched from a remote repository
|
|
with your last `git fetch` invocation.
|
|
`ORIG_HEAD` is created by commands that move your `HEAD` in a drastic
|
|
way, to record the position of the `HEAD` before their operation, so that
|
|
you can easily change the tip of the branch back to the state before you ran
|
|
them.
|
|
`MERGE_HEAD` records the commit(s) which you are merging into your branch
|
|
when you run `git merge`.
|
|
`CHERRY_PICK_HEAD` records the commit which you are cherry-picking
|
|
when you run `git cherry-pick`.
|
|
+
|
|
Note that any of the 'refs/*' cases above may come either from
|
|
the `$GIT_DIR/refs` directory or from the `$GIT_DIR/packed-refs` file.
|
|
While the ref name encoding is unspecified, UTF-8 is preferred as
|
|
some output processing may assume ref names in UTF-8.
|
|
|
|
'@'::
|
|
'@' alone is a shortcut for `HEAD`.
|
|
|
|
'[<refname>]@{<date>}', e.g. 'master@\{yesterday\}', 'HEAD@{5 minutes ago}'::
|
|
A ref followed by the suffix '@' with a date specification
|
|
enclosed in a brace
|
|
pair (e.g. '\{yesterday\}', '{1 month 2 weeks 3 days 1 hour 1
|
|
second ago}' or '{1979-02-26 18:30:00}') specifies the value
|
|
of the ref at a prior point in time. This suffix may only be
|
|
used immediately following a ref name and the ref must have an
|
|
existing log ('$GIT_DIR/logs/<ref>'). Note that this looks up the state
|
|
of your *local* ref at a given time; e.g., what was in your local
|
|
'master' branch last week. If you want to look at commits made during
|
|
certain times, see `--since` and `--until`.
|
|
|
|
'<refname>@{<n>}', e.g. 'master@\{1\}'::
|
|
A ref followed by the suffix '@' with an ordinal specification
|
|
enclosed in a brace pair (e.g. '\{1\}', '\{15\}') specifies
|
|
the n-th prior value of that ref. For example 'master@\{1\}'
|
|
is the immediate prior value of 'master' while 'master@\{5\}'
|
|
is the 5th prior value of 'master'. This suffix may only be used
|
|
immediately following a ref name and the ref must have an existing
|
|
log ('$GIT_DIR/logs/<refname>').
|
|
|
|
'@{<n>}', e.g. '@\{1\}'::
|
|
You can use the '@' construct with an empty ref part to get at a
|
|
reflog entry of the current branch. For example, if you are on
|
|
branch 'blabla' then '@\{1\}' means the same as 'blabla@\{1\}'.
|
|
|
|
'@{-<n>}', e.g. '@{-1}'::
|
|
The construct '@{-<n>}' means the <n>th branch/commit checked out
|
|
before the current one.
|
|
|
|
'[<branchname>]@\{upstream\}', e.g. 'master@\{upstream\}', '@\{u\}'::
|
|
The suffix '@\{upstream\}' to a branchname (short form '<branchname>@\{u\}')
|
|
refers to the branch that the branch specified by branchname is set to build on
|
|
top of (configured with `branch.<name>.remote` and
|
|
`branch.<name>.merge`). A missing branchname defaults to the
|
|
current one. These suffixes are also accepted when spelled in uppercase, and
|
|
they mean the same thing no matter the case.
|
|
|
|
'[<branchname>]@\{push\}', e.g. 'master@\{push\}', '@\{push\}'::
|
|
The suffix '@\{push}' reports the branch "where we would push to" if
|
|
`git push` were run while `branchname` was checked out (or the current
|
|
`HEAD` if no branchname is specified). Since our push destination is
|
|
in a remote repository, of course, we report the local tracking branch
|
|
that corresponds to that branch (i.e., something in `refs/remotes/`).
|
|
+
|
|
Here's an example to make it more clear:
|
|
+
|
|
------------------------------
|
|
$ git config push.default current
|
|
$ git config remote.pushdefault myfork
|
|
$ git switch -c mybranch origin/master
|
|
|
|
$ git rev-parse --symbolic-full-name @{upstream}
|
|
refs/remotes/origin/master
|
|
|
|
$ git rev-parse --symbolic-full-name @{push}
|
|
refs/remotes/myfork/mybranch
|
|
------------------------------
|
|
+
|
|
Note in the example that we set up a triangular workflow, where we pull
|
|
from one location and push to another. In a non-triangular workflow,
|
|
'@\{push}' is the same as '@\{upstream}', and there is no need for it.
|
|
+
|
|
This suffix is also accepted when spelled in uppercase, and means the same
|
|
thing no matter the case.
|
|
|
|
'<rev>{caret}[<n>]', e.g. 'HEAD{caret}, v1.5.1{caret}0'::
|
|
A suffix '{caret}' to a revision parameter means the first parent of
|
|
that commit object. '{caret}<n>' means the <n>th parent (i.e.
|
|
'<rev>{caret}'
|
|
is equivalent to '<rev>{caret}1'). As a special rule,
|
|
'<rev>{caret}0' means the commit itself and is used when '<rev>' is the
|
|
object name of a tag object that refers to a commit object.
|
|
|
|
'<rev>{tilde}[<n>]', e.g. 'HEAD{tilde}, master{tilde}3'::
|
|
A suffix '{tilde}' to a revision parameter means the first parent of
|
|
that commit object.
|
|
A suffix '{tilde}<n>' to a revision parameter means the commit
|
|
object that is the <n>th generation ancestor of the named
|
|
commit object, following only the first parents. I.e. '<rev>{tilde}3' is
|
|
equivalent to '<rev>{caret}{caret}{caret}' which is equivalent to
|
|
'<rev>{caret}1{caret}1{caret}1'. See below for an illustration of
|
|
the usage of this form.
|
|
|
|
'<rev>{caret}{<type>}', e.g. 'v0.99.8{caret}\{commit\}'::
|
|
A suffix '{caret}' followed by an object type name enclosed in
|
|
brace pair means dereference the object at '<rev>' recursively until
|
|
an object of type '<type>' is found or the object cannot be
|
|
dereferenced anymore (in which case, barf).
|
|
For example, if '<rev>' is a commit-ish, '<rev>{caret}\{commit\}'
|
|
describes the corresponding commit object.
|
|
Similarly, if '<rev>' is a tree-ish, '<rev>{caret}\{tree\}'
|
|
describes the corresponding tree object.
|
|
'<rev>{caret}0'
|
|
is a short-hand for '<rev>{caret}\{commit\}'.
|
|
+
|
|
'<rev>{caret}\{object\}' can be used to make sure '<rev>' names an
|
|
object that exists, without requiring '<rev>' to be a tag, and
|
|
without dereferencing '<rev>'; because a tag is already an object,
|
|
it does not have to be dereferenced even once to get to an object.
|
|
+
|
|
'<rev>{caret}\{tag\}' can be used to ensure that '<rev>' identifies an
|
|
existing tag object.
|
|
|
|
'<rev>{caret}{}', e.g. 'v0.99.8{caret}{}'::
|
|
A suffix '{caret}' followed by an empty brace pair
|
|
means the object could be a tag,
|
|
and dereference the tag recursively until a non-tag object is
|
|
found.
|
|
|
|
'<rev>{caret}{/<text>}', e.g. 'HEAD^{/fix nasty bug}'::
|
|
A suffix '{caret}' to a revision parameter, followed by a brace
|
|
pair that contains a text led by a slash,
|
|
is the same as the ':/fix nasty bug' syntax below except that
|
|
it returns the youngest matching commit which is reachable from
|
|
the '<rev>' before '{caret}'.
|
|
|
|
':/<text>', e.g. ':/fix nasty bug'::
|
|
A colon, followed by a slash, followed by a text, names
|
|
a commit whose commit message matches the specified regular expression.
|
|
This name returns the youngest matching commit which is
|
|
reachable from any ref, including HEAD.
|
|
The regular expression can match any part of the
|
|
commit message. To match messages starting with a string, one can use
|
|
e.g. ':/^foo'. The special sequence ':/!' is reserved for modifiers to what
|
|
is matched. ':/!-foo' performs a negative match, while ':/!!foo' matches a
|
|
literal '!' character, followed by 'foo'. Any other sequence beginning with
|
|
':/!' is reserved for now.
|
|
Depending on the given text, the shell's word splitting rules might
|
|
require additional quoting.
|
|
|
|
'<rev>:<path>', e.g. 'HEAD:README', 'master:./README'::
|
|
A suffix ':' followed by a path names the blob or tree
|
|
at the given path in the tree-ish object named by the part
|
|
before the colon.
|
|
A path starting with './' or '../' is relative to the current working directory.
|
|
The given path will be converted to be relative to the working tree's root directory.
|
|
This is most useful to address a blob or tree from a commit or tree that has
|
|
the same tree structure as the working tree.
|
|
|
|
':[<n>:]<path>', e.g. ':0:README', ':README'::
|
|
A colon, optionally followed by a stage number (0 to 3) and a
|
|
colon, followed by a path, names a blob object in the
|
|
index at the given path. A missing stage number (and the colon
|
|
that follows it) names a stage 0 entry. During a merge, stage
|
|
1 is the common ancestor, stage 2 is the target branch's version
|
|
(typically the current branch), and stage 3 is the version from
|
|
the branch which is being merged.
|
|
|
|
Here is an illustration, by Jon Loeliger. Both commit nodes B
|
|
and C are parents of commit node A. Parent commits are ordered
|
|
left-to-right.
|
|
|
|
........................................
|
|
G H I J
|
|
\ / \ /
|
|
D E F
|
|
\ | / \
|
|
\ | / |
|
|
\|/ |
|
|
B C
|
|
\ /
|
|
\ /
|
|
A
|
|
........................................
|
|
|
|
A = = A^0
|
|
B = A^ = A^1 = A~1
|
|
C = A^2 = A^2
|
|
D = A^^ = A^1^1 = A~2
|
|
E = B^2 = A^^2
|
|
F = B^3 = A^^3
|
|
G = A^^^ = A^1^1^1 = A~3
|
|
H = D^2 = B^^2 = A^^^2 = A~2^2
|
|
I = F^ = B^3^ = A^^3^
|
|
J = F^2 = B^3^2 = A^^3^2
|
|
|
|
|
|
SPECIFYING RANGES
|
|
-----------------
|
|
|
|
History traversing commands such as `git log` operate on a set
|
|
of commits, not just a single commit.
|
|
|
|
For these commands,
|
|
specifying a single revision, using the notation described in the
|
|
previous section, means the set of commits `reachable` from the given
|
|
commit.
|
|
|
|
A commit's reachable set is the commit itself and the commits in
|
|
its ancestry chain.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Commit Exclusions
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
'{caret}<rev>' (caret) Notation::
|
|
To exclude commits reachable from a commit, a prefix '{caret}'
|
|
notation is used. E.g. '{caret}r1 r2' means commits reachable
|
|
from 'r2' but exclude the ones reachable from 'r1' (i.e. 'r1' and
|
|
its ancestors).
|
|
|
|
Dotted Range Notations
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
The '..' (two-dot) Range Notation::
|
|
The '{caret}r1 r2' set operation appears so often that there is a shorthand
|
|
for it. When you have two commits 'r1' and 'r2' (named according
|
|
to the syntax explained in SPECIFYING REVISIONS above), you can ask
|
|
for commits that are reachable from r2 excluding those that are reachable
|
|
from r1 by '{caret}r1 r2' and it can be written as 'r1..r2'.
|
|
|
|
The '...' (three-dot) Symmetric Difference Notation::
|
|
A similar notation 'r1\...r2' is called symmetric difference
|
|
of 'r1' and 'r2' and is defined as
|
|
'r1 r2 --not $(git merge-base --all r1 r2)'.
|
|
It is the set of commits that are reachable from either one of
|
|
'r1' (left side) or 'r2' (right side) but not from both.
|
|
|
|
In these two shorthand notations, you can omit one end and let it default to HEAD.
|
|
For example, 'origin..' is a shorthand for 'origin..HEAD' and asks "What
|
|
did I do since I forked from the origin branch?" Similarly, '..origin'
|
|
is a shorthand for 'HEAD..origin' and asks "What did the origin do since
|
|
I forked from them?" Note that '..' would mean 'HEAD..HEAD' which is an
|
|
empty range that is both reachable and unreachable from HEAD.
|
|
|
|
Other <rev>{caret} Parent Shorthand Notations
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
Three other shorthands exist, particularly useful for merge commits,
|
|
for naming a set that is formed by a commit and its parent commits.
|
|
|
|
The 'r1{caret}@' notation means all parents of 'r1'.
|
|
|
|
The 'r1{caret}!' notation includes commit 'r1' but excludes all of its parents.
|
|
By itself, this notation denotes the single commit 'r1'.
|
|
|
|
The '<rev>{caret}-[<n>]' notation includes '<rev>' but excludes the <n>th
|
|
parent (i.e. a shorthand for '<rev>{caret}<n>..<rev>'), with '<n>' = 1 if
|
|
not given. This is typically useful for merge commits where you
|
|
can just pass '<commit>{caret}-' to get all the commits in the branch
|
|
that was merged in merge commit '<commit>' (including '<commit>'
|
|
itself).
|
|
|
|
While '<rev>{caret}<n>' was about specifying a single commit parent, these
|
|
three notations also consider its parents. For example you can say
|
|
'HEAD{caret}2{caret}@', however you cannot say 'HEAD{caret}@{caret}2'.
|
|
|
|
Revision Range Summary
|
|
----------------------
|
|
|
|
'<rev>'::
|
|
Include commits that are reachable from <rev> (i.e. <rev> and its
|
|
ancestors).
|
|
|
|
'{caret}<rev>'::
|
|
Exclude commits that are reachable from <rev> (i.e. <rev> and its
|
|
ancestors).
|
|
|
|
'<rev1>..<rev2>'::
|
|
Include commits that are reachable from <rev2> but exclude
|
|
those that are reachable from <rev1>. When either <rev1> or
|
|
<rev2> is omitted, it defaults to `HEAD`.
|
|
|
|
'<rev1>\...<rev2>'::
|
|
Include commits that are reachable from either <rev1> or
|
|
<rev2> but exclude those that are reachable from both. When
|
|
either <rev1> or <rev2> is omitted, it defaults to `HEAD`.
|
|
|
|
'<rev>{caret}@', e.g. 'HEAD{caret}@'::
|
|
A suffix '{caret}' followed by an at sign is the same as listing
|
|
all parents of '<rev>' (meaning, include anything reachable from
|
|
its parents, but not the commit itself).
|
|
|
|
'<rev>{caret}!', e.g. 'HEAD{caret}!'::
|
|
A suffix '{caret}' followed by an exclamation mark is the same
|
|
as giving commit '<rev>' and then all its parents prefixed with
|
|
'{caret}' to exclude them (and their ancestors).
|
|
|
|
'<rev>{caret}-<n>', e.g. 'HEAD{caret}-, HEAD{caret}-2'::
|
|
Equivalent to '<rev>{caret}<n>..<rev>', with '<n>' = 1 if not
|
|
given.
|
|
|
|
Here are a handful of examples using the Loeliger illustration above,
|
|
with each step in the notation's expansion and selection carefully
|
|
spelt out:
|
|
|
|
....
|
|
Args Expanded arguments Selected commits
|
|
D G H D
|
|
D F G H I J D F
|
|
^G D H D
|
|
^D B E I J F B
|
|
^D B C E I J F B C
|
|
C I J F C
|
|
B..C = ^B C C
|
|
B...C = B ^F C G H D E B C
|
|
B^- = B^..B
|
|
= ^B^1 B E I J F B
|
|
C^@ = C^1
|
|
= F I J F
|
|
B^@ = B^1 B^2 B^3
|
|
= D E F D G H E F I J
|
|
C^! = C ^C^@
|
|
= C ^C^1
|
|
= C ^F C
|
|
B^! = B ^B^@
|
|
= B ^B^1 ^B^2 ^B^3
|
|
= B ^D ^E ^F B
|
|
F^! D = F ^I ^J D G H D F
|
|
....
|