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<article xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xml:id="sec-relnotes">
<title>Nix Release Notes</title>
<!--==================================================================-->
<section xml:id="ssec-relnotes-1.0"><title>Release 1.0 (May 11, 2012)</title>
<para>There have been numerous improvements and bug fixes since the
previous release. Here are the most significant:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Nix can now optionally use the Boehm garbage collector.
This significantly reduces the Nix evaluators memory footprint,
especially when evaluating large NixOS system configurations. It
can be enabled using the <option>--enable-gc</option> configure
option.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Nix now uses SQLite for its database. This is faster and
more flexible than the old <emphasis>ad hoc</emphasis> format.
SQLite is also used to cache the manifests in
<filename>/nix/var/nix/manifests</filename>, resulting in a
significant speedup.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Nix now has an search path for expressions. The search path
is set using the environment variable <envar>NIX_PATH</envar> and
the <option>-I</option> command line option. In Nix expressions,
paths between angle brackets are used to specify files that must
be looked up in the search path. For instance, the expression
<literal>&lt;nixpkgs/default.nix></literal> looks for a file
<filename>nixpkgs/default.nix</filename> relative to every element
in the search path.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The new command <command>nix-build --run-env</command>
builds all dependencies of a derivation, then starts a shell in an
environment containing all variables from the derivation. This is
useful for reproducing the environment of a derivation for
development.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The new command <command>nix-store --verify-path</command>
verifies that the contents of a store path have not
changed.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The new command <command>nix-store --print-env</command>
prints out the environment of a derivation in a format that can be
evaluated by a shell.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Attribute names can now be arbitrary strings. For instance,
you can write <literal>{ "foo-1.2" = …; "bla bla" = …; }."bla
bla"</literal>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Attribute selection can now provide a default value using
the <literal>or</literal> operator. For instance, the expression
<literal>x.y.z or e</literal> evaluates to the attribute
<literal>x.y.z</literal> if it exists, and <literal>e</literal>
otherwise.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The right-hand side of the <literal>?</literal> operator can
now be an attribute path, e.g., <literal>attrs ?
a.b.c</literal>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>On Linux, Nix will now make files in the Nix store immutable
on filesystems that support it. This prevents accidental
modification of files in the store by the root user.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Nix has preliminary support for derivations with multiple
outputs. This is useful because it allows parts of a package to
be deployed and garbage-collected separately. For instance,
development parts of a package such as header files or static
libraries would typically not be part of the closure of an
application, resulting in reduced disk usage and installation
time.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The Nix store garbage collector is faster and holds the
global lock for a shorter amount of time.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The option <option>--timeout</option> (corresponding to the
configuration setting <literal>build-timeout</literal>) allows you
to set an absolute timeout on builds — if a build runs for more than
the given number of seconds, it is terminated. This is useful for
recovering automatically from builds that are stuck in an infinite
loop but keep producing output, and for which
<literal>--max-silent-time</literal> is ineffective.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Nix development has moved to GitHub (<link
xlink:href="https://github.com/NixOS/nix" />).</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
<!--==================================================================-->
<section xml:id="ssec-relnotes-0.16"><title>Release 0.16 (August 17, 2010)</title>
<para>This release has the following improvements:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>The Nix expression evaluator is now much faster in most
cases: typically, <link
xlink:href="http://www.mail-archive.com/nix-dev@cs.uu.nl/msg04113.html">3
to 8 times compared to the old implementation</link>. It also
uses less memory. It no longer depends on the ATerm
library.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Support for configurable parallelism inside builders. Build
scripts have always had the ability to perform multiple build
actions in parallel (for instance, by running <command>make -j
2</command>), but this was not desirable because the number of
actions to be performed in parallel was not configurable. Nix
now has an option <option>--cores
<replaceable>N</replaceable></option> as well as a configuration
setting <varname>build-cores =
<replaceable>N</replaceable></varname> that causes the
environment variable <envar>NIX_BUILD_CORES</envar> to be set to
<replaceable>N</replaceable> when the builder is invoked. The
builder can use this at its discretion to perform a parallel
build, e.g., by calling <command>make -j
<replaceable>N</replaceable></command>. In Nixpkgs, this can be
enabled on a per-package basis by setting the derivation
attribute <varname>enableParallelBuilding</varname> to
<literal>true</literal>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><command>nix-store -q</command> now supports XML output
through the <option>--xml</option> flag.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Several bug fixes.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
<!--==================================================================-->
<section xml:id="ssec-relnotes-0.15"><title>Release 0.15 (March 17, 2010)</title>
<para>This is a bug-fix release. Among other things, it fixes
building on Mac OS X (Snow Leopard), and improves the contents of
<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/group</filename>
in <literal>chroot</literal> builds.</para>
</section>
<!--==================================================================-->
<section xml:id="ssec-relnotes-0.14"><title>Release 0.14 (February 4, 2010)</title>
<para>This release has the following improvements:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>The garbage collector now starts deleting garbage much
faster than before. It no longer determines liveness of all paths
in the store, but does so on demand.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Added a new operation, <command>nix-store --query
--roots</command>, that shows the garbage collector roots that
directly or indirectly point to the given store paths.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Removed support for converting Berkeley DB-based Nix
databases to the new schema.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Removed the <option>--use-atime</option> and
<option>--max-atime</option> garbage collector options. They were
not very useful in practice.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>On Windows, Nix now requires Cygwin 1.7.x.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>A few bug fixes.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
<!--==================================================================-->
<section xml:id="ssec-relnotes-0.13"><title>Release 0.13 (November 5,
2009)</title>
<para>This is primarily a bug fix release. It has some new
features:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Syntactic sugar for writing nested attribute sets. Instead of
<programlisting>
{
foo = {
bar = 123;
xyzzy = true;
};
a = { b = { c = "d"; }; };
}
</programlisting>
you can write
<programlisting>
{
foo.bar = 123;
foo.xyzzy = true;
a.b.c = "d";
}
</programlisting>
This is useful, for instance, in NixOS configuration files.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Support for Nix channels generated by Hydra, the Nix-based
continuous build system. (Hydra generates NAR archives on the
fly, so the size and hash of these archives isnt known in
advance.)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Support <literal>i686-linux</literal> builds directly on
<literal>x86_64-linux</literal> Nix installations. This is
implemented using the <function>personality()</function> syscall,
which causes <command>uname</command> to return
<literal>i686</literal> in child processes.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Various improvements to the <literal>chroot</literal>
support. Building in a <literal>chroot</literal> works quite well
now.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Nix no longer blocks if it tries to build a path and another
process is already building the same path. Instead it tries to
build another buildable path first. This improves
parallelism.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Support for large (> 4 GiB) files in NAR archives.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Various (performance) improvements to the remote build
mechanism.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>New primops: <varname>builtins.addErrorContext</varname> (to
add a string to stack traces — useful for debugging),
<varname>builtins.isBool</varname>,
<varname>builtins.isString</varname>,
<varname>builtins.isInt</varname>,
<varname>builtins.intersectAttrs</varname>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>OpenSolaris support (Sander van der Burg).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Stack traces are no longer displayed unless the
<option>--show-trace</option> option is used.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The scoping rules for <literal>inherit
(<replaceable>e</replaceable>) ...</literal> in recursive
attribute sets have changed. The expression
<replaceable>e</replaceable> can now refer to the attributes
defined in the containing set.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
<!--==================================================================-->
<section xml:id="ssec-relnotes-0.12"><title>Release 0.12 (November 20,
2008)</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Nix no longer uses Berkeley DB to store Nix store metadata.
The principal advantages of the new storage scheme are: it works
properly over decent implementations of NFS (allowing Nix stores
to be shared between multiple machines); no recovery is needed
when a Nix process crashes; no write access is needed for
read-only operations; no more running out of Berkeley DB locks on
certain operations.</para>
<para>You still need to compile Nix with Berkeley DB support if
you want Nix to automatically convert your old Nix store to the
new schema. If you dont need this, you can build Nix with the
<filename>configure</filename> option
<option>--disable-old-db-compat</option>.</para>
<para>After the automatic conversion to the new schema, you can
delete the old Berkeley DB files:
<screen>
$ cd /nix/var/nix/db
$ rm __db* log.* derivers references referrers reserved validpaths DB_CONFIG</screen>
The new metadata is stored in the directories
<filename>/nix/var/nix/db/info</filename> and
<filename>/nix/var/nix/db/referrer</filename>. Though the
metadata is stored in human-readable plain-text files, they are
not intended to be human-editable, as Nix is rather strict about
the format.</para>
<para>The new storage schema may or may not require less disk
space than the Berkeley DB environment, mostly depending on the
cluster size of your file system. With 1 KiB clusters (which
seems to be the <literal>ext3</literal> default nowadays) it
usually takes up much less space.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>There is a new substituter that copies paths
directly from other (remote) Nix stores mounted somewhere in the
filesystem. For instance, you can speed up an installation by
mounting some remote Nix store that already has the packages in
question via NFS or <literal>sshfs</literal>. The environment
variable <envar>NIX_OTHER_STORES</envar> specifies the locations of
the remote Nix directories,
e.g. <literal>/mnt/remote-fs/nix</literal>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New <command>nix-store</command> operations
<option>--dump-db</option> and <option>--load-db</option> to dump
and reload the Nix database.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The garbage collector has a number of new options to
allow only some of the garbage to be deleted. The option
<option>--max-freed <replaceable>N</replaceable></option> tells the
collector to stop after at least <replaceable>N</replaceable> bytes
have been deleted. The option <option>--max-links
<replaceable>N</replaceable></option> tells it to stop after the
link count on <filename>/nix/store</filename> has dropped below
<replaceable>N</replaceable>. This is useful for very large Nix
stores on filesystems with a 32000 subdirectories limit (like
<literal>ext3</literal>). The option <option>--use-atime</option>
causes store paths to be deleted in order of ascending last access
time. This allows non-recently used stuff to be deleted. The
option <option>--max-atime <replaceable>time</replaceable></option>
specifies an upper limit to the last accessed time of paths that may
be deleted. For instance,
<screen>
$ nix-store --gc -v --max-atime $(date +%s -d "2 months ago")</screen>
deletes everything that hasnt been accessed in two months.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><command>nix-env</command> now uses optimistic
profile locking when performing an operation like installing or
upgrading, instead of setting an exclusive lock on the profile.
This allows multiple <command>nix-env -i / -u / -e</command>
operations on the same profile in parallel. If a
<command>nix-env</command> operation sees at the end that the profile
was changed in the meantime by another process, it will just
restart. This is generally cheap because the build results are
still in the Nix store.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The option <option>--dry-run</option> is now
supported by <command>nix-store -r</command> and
<command>nix-build</command>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The information previously shown by
<option>--dry-run</option> (i.e., which derivations will be built
and which paths will be substituted) is now always shown by
<command>nix-env</command>, <command>nix-store -r</command> and
<command>nix-build</command>. The total download size of
substitutable paths is now also shown. For instance, a build will
show something like
<screen>
the following derivations will be built:
/nix/store/129sbxnk5n466zg6r1qmq1xjv9zymyy7-activate-configuration.sh.drv
/nix/store/7mzy971rdm8l566ch8hgxaf89x7lr7ik-upstart-jobs.drv
...
the following paths will be downloaded/copied (30.02 MiB):
/nix/store/4m8pvgy2dcjgppf5b4cj5l6wyshjhalj-samba-3.2.4
/nix/store/7h1kwcj29ip8vk26rhmx6bfjraxp0g4l-libunwind-0.98.6
...</screen>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Language features:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>@-patterns as in Haskell. For instance, in a
function definition
<programlisting>f = args @ {x, y, z}: <replaceable>...</replaceable>;</programlisting>
<varname>args</varname> refers to the argument as a whole, which
is further pattern-matched against the attribute set pattern
<literal>{x, y, z}</literal>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><literal>...</literal>” (ellipsis) patterns.
An attribute set pattern can now say <literal>...</literal> at
the end of the attribute name list to specify that the function
takes <emphasis>at least</emphasis> the listed attributes, while
ignoring additional attributes. For instance,
<programlisting>{stdenv, fetchurl, fuse, ...}: <replaceable>...</replaceable></programlisting>
defines a function that accepts any attribute set that includes
at least the three listed attributes.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New primops:
<varname>builtins.parseDrvName</varname> (split a package name
string like <literal>"nix-0.12pre12876"</literal> into its name
and version components, e.g. <literal>"nix"</literal> and
<literal>"0.12pre12876"</literal>),
<varname>builtins.compareVersions</varname> (compare two version
strings using the same algorithm that <command>nix-env</command>
uses), <varname>builtins.length</varname> (efficiently compute
the length of a list), <varname>builtins.mul</varname> (integer
multiplication), <varname>builtins.div</varname> (integer
division).
<!-- <varname>builtins.genericClosure</varname> -->
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><command>nix-prefetch-url</command> now supports
<literal>mirror://</literal> URLs, provided that the environment
variable <envar>NIXPKGS_ALL</envar> points at a Nixpkgs
tree.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Removed the commands
<command>nix-pack-closure</command> and
<command>nix-unpack-closure</command>. You can do almost the same
thing but much more efficiently by doing <literal>nix-store --export
$(nix-store -qR <replaceable>paths</replaceable>) > closure</literal> and
<literal>nix-store --import &lt;
closure</literal>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Lots of bug fixes, including a big performance bug in
the handling of <literal>with</literal>-expressions.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
<!--==================================================================-->
<section xml:id="ssec-relnotes-0.11"><title>Release 0.11 (December 31,
2007)</title>
<para>Nix 0.11 has many improvements over the previous stable release.
The most important improvement is secure multi-user support. It also
features many usability enhancements and language extensions, many of
them prompted by NixOS, the purely functional Linux distribution based
on Nix. Here is an (incomplete) list:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Secure multi-user support. A single Nix store can
now be shared between multiple (possible untrusted) users. This is
an important feature for NixOS, where it allows non-root users to
install software. The old setuid method for sharing a store between
multiple users has been removed. Details for setting up a
multi-user store can be found in the manual.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The new command <command>nix-copy-closure</command>
gives you an easy and efficient way to exchange software between
machines. It copies the missing parts of the closure of a set of
store path to or from a remote machine via
<command>ssh</command>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>A new kind of string literal: strings between double
single-quotes (<literal>''</literal>) have indentation
“intelligently” removed. This allows large strings (such as shell
scripts or configuration file fragments in NixOS) to cleanly follow
the indentation of the surrounding expression. It also requires
much less escaping, since <literal>''</literal> is less common in
most languages than <literal>"</literal>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><command>nix-env</command> <option>--set</option>
modifies the current generation of a profile so that it contains
exactly the specified derivation, and nothing else. For example,
<literal>nix-env -p /nix/var/nix/profiles/browser --set
firefox</literal> lets the profile named
<filename>browser</filename> contain just Firefox.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><command>nix-env</command> now maintains
meta-information about installed packages in profiles. The
meta-information is the contents of the <varname>meta</varname>
attribute of derivations, such as <varname>description</varname> or
<varname>homepage</varname>. The command <literal>nix-env -q --xml
--meta</literal> shows all meta-information.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><command>nix-env</command> now uses the
<varname>meta.priority</varname> attribute of derivations to resolve
filename collisions between packages. Lower priority values denote
a higher priority. For instance, the GCC wrapper package and the
Binutils package in Nixpkgs both have a file
<filename>bin/ld</filename>, so previously if you tried to install
both you would get a collision. Now, on the other hand, the GCC
wrapper declares a higher priority than Binutils, so the formers
<filename>bin/ld</filename> is symlinked in the user
environment.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><command>nix-env -i / -u</command>: instead of
breaking package ties by version, break them by priority and version
number. That is, if there are multiple packages with the same name,
then pick the package with the highest priority, and only use the
version if there are multiple packages with the same
priority.</para>
<para>This makes it possible to mark specific versions/variant in
Nixpkgs more or less desirable than others. A typical example would
be a beta version of some package (e.g.,
<literal>gcc-4.2.0rc1</literal>) which should not be installed even
though it is the highest version, except when it is explicitly
selected (e.g., <literal>nix-env -i
gcc-4.2.0rc1</literal>).</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><command>nix-env --set-flag</command> allows meta
attributes of installed packages to be modified. There are several
attributes that can be usefully modified, because they affect the
behaviour of <command>nix-env</command> or the user environment
build script:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para><varname>meta.priority</varname> can be changed
to resolve filename clashes (see above).</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><varname>meta.keep</varname> can be set to
<literal>true</literal> to prevent the package from being
upgraded or replaced. Useful if you want to hang on to an older
version of a package.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><varname>meta.active</varname> can be set to
<literal>false</literal> to “disable” the package. That is, no
symlinks will be generated to the files of the package, but it
remains part of the profile (so it wont be garbage-collected).
Set it back to <literal>true</literal> to re-enable the
package.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><command>nix-env -q</command> now has a flag
<option>--prebuilt-only</option> (<option>-b</option>) that causes
<command>nix-env</command> to show only those derivations whose
output is already in the Nix store or that can be substituted (i.e.,
downloaded from somewhere). In other words, it shows the packages
that can be installed “quickly”, i.e., dont need to be built from
source. The <option>-b</option> flag is also available in
<command>nix-env -i</command> and <command>nix-env -u</command> to
filter out derivations for which no pre-built binary is
available.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The new option <option>--argstr</option> (in
<command>nix-env</command>, <command>nix-instantiate</command> and
<command>nix-build</command>) is like <option>--arg</option>, except
that the value is a string. For example, <literal>--argstr system
i686-linux</literal> is equivalent to <literal>--arg system
\"i686-linux\"</literal> (note that <option>--argstr</option>
prevents annoying quoting around shell arguments).</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><command>nix-store</command> has a new operation
<option>--read-log</option> (<option>-l</option>)
<parameter>paths</parameter> that shows the build log of the given
paths.</para></listitem>
<!--
<listitem><para>TODO: semantic cleanups of string concatenation
etc. (mostly in r6740).</para></listitem>
-->
<listitem><para>Nix now uses Berkeley DB 4.5. The database is
upgraded automatically, but you should be careful not to use old
versions of Nix that still use Berkeley DB 4.4.</para></listitem>
<!-- foo
<listitem><para>TODO: option <option>- -reregister</option> in
<command>nix-store - -register-validity</command>.</para></listitem>
-->
<listitem><para>The option <option>--max-silent-time</option>
(corresponding to the configuration setting
<literal>build-max-silent-time</literal>) allows you to set a
timeout on builds — if a build produces no output on
<literal>stdout</literal> or <literal>stderr</literal> for the given
number of seconds, it is terminated. This is useful for recovering
automatically from builds that are stuck in an infinite
loop.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><command>nix-channel</command>: each subscribed
channel is its own attribute in the top-level expression generated
for the channel. This allows disambiguation (e.g. <literal>nix-env
-i -A nixpkgs_unstable.firefox</literal>).</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The substitutes table has been removed from the
database. This makes operations such as <command>nix-pull</command>
and <command>nix-channel --update</command> much, much
faster.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><command>nix-pull</command> now supports
bzip2-compressed manifests. This speeds up
channels.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><command>nix-prefetch-url</command> now has a
limited form of caching. This is used by
<command>nix-channel</command> to prevent unnecessary downloads when
the channel hasnt changed.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><command>nix-prefetch-url</command> now by default
computes the SHA-256 hash of the file instead of the MD5 hash. In
calls to <function>fetchurl</function> you should pass the
<literal>sha256</literal> attribute instead of
<literal>md5</literal>. You can pass either a hexadecimal or a
base-32 encoding of the hash.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Nix can now perform builds in an automatically
generated “chroot”. This prevents a builder from accessing stuff
outside of the Nix store, and thus helps ensure purity. This is an
experimental feature.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The new command <command>nix-store
--optimise</command> reduces Nix store disk space usage by finding
identical files in the store and hard-linking them to each other.
It typically reduces the size of the store by something like
25-35%.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><filename>~/.nix-defexpr</filename> can now be a
directory, in which case the Nix expressions in that directory are
combined into an attribute set, with the file names used as the
names of the attributes. The command <command>nix-env
--import</command> (which set the
<filename>~/.nix-defexpr</filename> symlink) is
removed.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Derivations can specify the new special attribute
<varname>allowedReferences</varname> to enforce that the references
in the output of a derivation are a subset of a declared set of
paths. For example, if <varname>allowedReferences</varname> is an
empty list, then the output must not have any references. This is
used in NixOS to check that generated files such as initial ramdisks
for booting Linux dont have any dependencies.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The new attribute
<varname>exportReferencesGraph</varname> allows builders access to
the references graph of their inputs. This is used in NixOS for
tasks such as generating ISO-9660 images that contain a Nix store
populated with the closure of certain paths.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fixed-output derivations (like
<function>fetchurl</function>) can define the attribute
<varname>impureEnvVars</varname> to allow external environment
variables to be passed to builders. This is used in Nixpkgs to
support proxy configuration, among other things.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Several new built-in functions:
<function>builtins.attrNames</function>,
<function>builtins.filterSource</function>,
<function>builtins.isAttrs</function>,
<function>builtins.isFunction</function>,
<function>builtins.listToAttrs</function>,
<function>builtins.stringLength</function>,
<function>builtins.sub</function>,
<function>builtins.substring</function>,
<function>throw</function>,
<function>builtins.trace</function>,
<function>builtins.readFile</function>.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
<!--==================================================================-->
<section><title>Release 0.10.1 (October 11, 2006)</title>
<para>This release fixes two somewhat obscure bugs that occur when
evaluating Nix expressions that are stored inside the Nix store
(<literal>NIX-67</literal>). These do not affect most users.</para>
</section>
<!--==================================================================-->
<section><title>Release 0.10 (October 6, 2006)</title>
<note><para>This version of Nix uses Berkeley DB 4.4 instead of 4.3.
The database is upgraded automatically, but you should be careful not
to use old versions of Nix that still use Berkeley DB 4.3. In
particular, if you use a Nix installed through Nix, you should run
<screen>
$ nix-store --clear-substitutes</screen>
first.</para></note>
<warning><para>Also, the database schema has changed slighted to fix a
performance issue (see below). When you run any Nix 0.10 command for
the first time, the database will be upgraded automatically. This is
irreversible.</para></warning>
<itemizedlist>
<!-- Usability / features -->
<listitem><para><command>nix-env</command> usability improvements:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>An option <option>--compare-versions</option>
(or <option>-c</option>) has been added to <command>nix-env
--query</command> to allow you to compare installed versions of
packages to available versions, or vice versa. An easy way to
see if you are up to date with whats in your subscribed
channels is <literal>nix-env -qc \*</literal>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><literal>nix-env --query</literal> now takes as
arguments a list of package names about which to show
information, just like <option>--install</option>, etc.: for
example, <literal>nix-env -q gcc</literal>. Note that to show
all derivations, you need to specify
<literal>\*</literal>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><literal>nix-env -i
<replaceable>pkgname</replaceable></literal> will now install
the highest available version of
<replaceable>pkgname</replaceable>, rather than installing all
available versions (which would probably give collisions)
(<literal>NIX-31</literal>).</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><literal>nix-env (-i|-u) --dry-run</literal> now
shows exactly which missing paths will be built or
substituted.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><literal>nix-env -qa --description</literal>
shows human-readable descriptions of packages, provided that
they have a <literal>meta.description</literal> attribute (which
most packages in Nixpkgs dont have yet).</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New language features:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Reference scanning (which happens after each
build) is much faster and takes a constant amount of
memory.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>String interpolation. Expressions like
<programlisting>
"--with-freetype2-library=" + freetype + "/lib"</programlisting>
can now be written as
<programlisting>
"--with-freetype2-library=${freetype}/lib"</programlisting>
You can write arbitrary expressions within
<literal>${<replaceable>...</replaceable>}</literal>, not just
identifiers.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Multi-line string literals.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>String concatenations can now involve
derivations, as in the example <code>"--with-freetype2-library="
+ freetype + "/lib"</code>. This was not previously possible
because we need to register that a derivation that uses such a
string is dependent on <literal>freetype</literal>. The
evaluator now properly propagates this information.
Consequently, the subpath operator (<literal>~</literal>) has
been deprecated.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Default values of function arguments can now
refer to other function arguments; that is, all arguments are in
scope in the default values
(<literal>NIX-45</literal>).</para></listitem>
<!--
<listitem><para>TODO: domain checks (r5895).</para></listitem>
-->
<listitem><para>Lots of new built-in primitives, such as
functions for list manipulation and integer arithmetic. See the
manual for a complete list. All primops are now available in
the set <varname>builtins</varname>, allowing one to test for
the availability of primop in a backwards-compatible
way.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Real let-expressions: <literal>let x = ...;
... z = ...; in ...</literal>.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New commands <command>nix-pack-closure</command> and
<command>nix-unpack-closure</command> than can be used to easily
transfer a store path with all its dependencies to another machine.
Very convenient whenever you have some package on your machine and
you want to copy it somewhere else.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>XML support:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para><literal>nix-env -q --xml</literal> prints the
installed or available packages in an XML representation for
easy processing by other tools.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><literal>nix-instantiate --eval-only
--xml</literal> prints an XML representation of the resulting
term. (The new flag <option>--strict</option> forces deep
evaluation of the result, i.e., list elements and attributes are
evaluated recursively.)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>In Nix expressions, the primop
<function>builtins.toXML</function> converts a term to an XML
representation. This is primarily useful for passing structured
information to builders.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>You can now unambigously specify which derivation to
build or install in <command>nix-env</command>,
<command>nix-instantiate</command> and <command>nix-build</command>
using the <option>--attr</option> / <option>-A</option> flags, which
takes an attribute name as argument. (Unlike symbolic package names
such as <literal>subversion-1.4.0</literal>, attribute names in an
attribute set are unique.) For instance, a quick way to perform a
test build of a package in Nixpkgs is <literal>nix-build
pkgs/top-level/all-packages.nix -A
<replaceable>foo</replaceable></literal>. <literal>nix-env -q
--attr</literal> shows the attribute names corresponding to each
derivation.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>If the top-level Nix expression used by
<command>nix-env</command>, <command>nix-instantiate</command> or
<command>nix-build</command> evaluates to a function whose arguments
all have default values, the function will be called automatically.
Also, the new command-line switch <option>--arg
<replaceable>name</replaceable>
<replaceable>value</replaceable></option> can be used to specify
function arguments on the command line.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><literal>nix-install-package --url
<replaceable>URL</replaceable></literal> allows a package to be
installed directly from the given URL.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Nix now works behind an HTTP proxy server; just set
the standard environment variables <envar>http_proxy</envar>,
<envar>https_proxy</envar>, <envar>ftp_proxy</envar> or
<envar>all_proxy</envar> appropriately. Functions such as
<function>fetchurl</function> in Nixpkgs also respect these
variables.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><literal>nix-build -o
<replaceable>symlink</replaceable></literal> allows the symlink to
the build result to be named something other than
<literal>result</literal>.</para></listitem>
<!-- Stability / performance / etc. -->
<listitem><para>Platform support:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Support for 64-bit platforms, provided a <link
xlink:href="http://bugzilla.sen.cwi.nl:8080/show_bug.cgi?id=606">suitably
patched ATerm library</link> is used. Also, files larger than 2
GiB are now supported.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Added support for Cygwin (Windows,
<literal>i686-cygwin</literal>), Mac OS X on Intel
(<literal>i686-darwin</literal>) and Linux on PowerPC
(<literal>powerpc-linux</literal>).</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Users of SMP and multicore machines will
appreciate that the number of builds to be performed in parallel
can now be specified in the configuration file in the
<literal>build-max-jobs</literal> setting.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Garbage collector improvements:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Open files (such as running programs) are now
used as roots of the garbage collector. This prevents programs
that have been uninstalled from being garbage collected while
they are still running. The script that detects these
additional runtime roots
(<filename>find-runtime-roots.pl</filename>) is inherently
system-specific, but it should work on Linux and on all
platforms that have the <command>lsof</command>
utility.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><literal>nix-store --gc</literal>
(a.k.a. <command>nix-collect-garbage</command>) prints out the
number of bytes freed on standard output. <literal>nix-store
--gc --print-dead</literal> shows how many bytes would be freed
by an actual garbage collection.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><literal>nix-collect-garbage -d</literal>
removes all old generations of <emphasis>all</emphasis> profiles
before calling the actual garbage collector (<literal>nix-store
--gc</literal>). This is an easy way to get rid of all old
packages in the Nix store.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><command>nix-store</command> now has an
operation <option>--delete</option> to delete specific paths
from the Nix store. It wont delete reachable (non-garbage)
paths unless <option>--ignore-liveness</option> is
specified.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Berkeley DB 4.4s process registry feature is used
to recover from crashed Nix processes.</para></listitem>
<!-- <listitem><para>TODO: shared stores.</para></listitem> -->
<listitem><para>A performance issue has been fixed with the
<literal>referer</literal> table, which stores the inverse of the
<literal>references</literal> table (i.e., it tells you what store
paths refer to a given path). Maintaining this table could take a
quadratic amount of time, as well as a quadratic amount of Berkeley
DB log file space (in particular when running the garbage collector)
(<literal>NIX-23</literal>).</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Nix now catches the <literal>TERM</literal> and
<literal>HUP</literal> signals in addition to the
<literal>INT</literal> signal. So you can now do a <literal>killall
nix-store</literal> without triggering a database
recovery.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><command>bsdiff</command> updated to version
4.3.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Substantial performance improvements in expression
evaluation and <literal>nix-env -qa</literal>, all thanks to <link
xlink:href="http://valgrind.org/">Valgrind</link>. Memory use has
been reduced by a factor 8 or so. Big speedup by memoisation of
path hashing.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Lots of bug fixes, notably:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Make sure that the garbage collector can run
succesfully when the disk is full
(<literal>NIX-18</literal>).</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><command>nix-env</command> now locks the profile
to prevent races between concurrent <command>nix-env</command>
operations on the same profile
(<literal>NIX-7</literal>).</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Removed misleading messages from
<literal>nix-env -i</literal> (e.g., <literal>installing
`foo'</literal> followed by <literal>uninstalling
`foo'</literal>) (<literal>NIX-17</literal>).</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Nix source distributions are a lot smaller now since
we no longer include a full copy of the Berkeley DB source
distribution (but only the bits we need).</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Header files are now installed so that external
programs can use the Nix libraries.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
<!--==================================================================-->
<section><title>Release 0.9.2 (September 21, 2005)</title>
<para>This bug fix release fixes two problems on Mac OS X:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>If Nix was linked against statically linked versions
of the ATerm or Berkeley DB library, there would be dynamic link
errors at runtime.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><command>nix-pull</command> and
<command>nix-push</command> intermittently failed due to race
conditions involving pipes and child processes with error messages
such as <literal>open2: open(GLOB(0x180b2e4), >&amp;=9) failed: Bad
file descriptor at /nix/bin/nix-pull line 77</literal> (issue
<literal>NIX-14</literal>).</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</section>
<!--==================================================================-->
<section><title>Release 0.9.1 (September 20, 2005)</title>
<para>This bug fix release addresses a problem with the ATerm library
when the <option>--with-aterm</option> flag in
<command>configure</command> was <emphasis>not</emphasis> used.</para>
</section>
<!--==================================================================-->
<section><title>Release 0.9 (September 16, 2005)</title>
<para>NOTE: this version of Nix uses Berkeley DB 4.3 instead of 4.2.
The database is upgraded automatically, but you should be careful not
to use old versions of Nix that still use Berkeley DB 4.2. In
particular, if you use a Nix installed through Nix, you should run
<screen>
$ nix-store --clear-substitutes</screen>
first.</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Unpacking of patch sequences is much faster now
since we no longer do redundant unpacking and repacking of
intermediate paths.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Nix now uses Berkeley DB 4.3.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The <function>derivation</function> primitive is
lazier. Attributes of dependent derivations can mutually refer to
each other (as long as there are no data dependencies on the
<varname>outPath</varname> and <varname>drvPath</varname> attributes
computed by <function>derivation</function>).</para>
<para>For example, the expression <literal>derivation
attrs</literal> now evaluates to (essentially)
<programlisting>
attrs // {
type = "derivation";
outPath = derivation! attrs;
drvPath = derivation! attrs;
}</programlisting>
where <function>derivation!</function> is a primop that does the
actual derivation instantiation (i.e., it does what
<function>derivation</function> used to do). The advantage is that
it allows commands such as <command>nix-env -qa</command> and
<command>nix-env -i</command> to be much faster since they no longer
need to instantiate all derivations, just the
<varname>name</varname> attribute.</para>
<para>Also, it allows derivations to cyclically reference each
other, for example,
<programlisting>
webServer = derivation {
...
hostName = "svn.cs.uu.nl";
services = [svnService];
};
&#x20;
svnService = derivation {
...
hostName = webServer.hostName;
};</programlisting>
Previously, this would yield a black hole (infinite recursion).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para><command>nix-build</command> now defaults to using
<filename>./default.nix</filename> if no Nix expression is
specified.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><command>nix-instantiate</command>, when applied to
a Nix expression that evaluates to a function, will call the
function automatically if all its arguments have
defaults.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Nix now uses libtool to build dynamic libraries.
This reduces the size of executables.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>A new list concatenation operator
<literal>++</literal>. For example, <literal>[1 2 3] ++ [4 5
6]</literal> evaluates to <literal>[1 2 3 4 5
6]</literal>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Some currently undocumented primops to support
low-level build management using Nix (i.e., using Nix as a Make
replacement). See the commit messages for <literal>r3578</literal>
and <literal>r3580</literal>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Various bug fixes and performance
improvements.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
<!--==================================================================-->
<section><title>Release 0.8.1 (April 13, 2005)</title>
<para>This is a bug fix release.</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Patch downloading was broken.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The garbage collector would not delete paths that
had references from invalid (but substitutable)
paths.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
<!--==================================================================-->
<section><title>Release 0.8 (April 11, 2005)</title>
<para>NOTE: the hashing scheme in Nix 0.8 changed (as detailed below).
As a result, <command>nix-pull</command> manifests and channels built
for Nix 0.7 and below will now work anymore. However, the Nix
expression language has not changed, so you can still build from
source. Also, existing user environments continue to work. Nix 0.8
will automatically upgrade the database schema of previous
installations when it is first run.</para>
<para>If you get the error message
<screen>
you have an old-style manifest `/nix/var/nix/manifests/[...]'; please
delete it</screen>
you should delete previously downloaded manifests:
<screen>
$ rm /nix/var/nix/manifests/*</screen>
If <command>nix-channel</command> gives the error message
<screen>
manifest `http://catamaran.labs.cs.uu.nl/dist/nix/channels/[channel]/MANIFEST'
is too old (i.e., for Nix &lt;= 0.7)</screen>
then you should unsubscribe from the offending channel
(<command>nix-channel --remove
<replaceable>URL</replaceable></command>; leave out
<literal>/MANIFEST</literal>), and subscribe to the same URL, with
<literal>channels</literal> replaced by <literal>channels-v3</literal>
(e.g., <link
xlink:href='http://catamaran.labs.cs.uu.nl/dist/nix/channels-v3/nixpkgs-unstable'
/>).</para>
<para>Nix 0.8 has the following improvements:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>The cryptographic hashes used in store paths are now
160 bits long, but encoded in base-32 so that they are still only 32
characters long (e.g.,
<filename>/nix/store/csw87wag8bqlqk7ipllbwypb14xainap-atk-1.9.0</filename>).
(This is actually a 160 bit truncation of a SHA-256
hash.)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Big cleanups and simplifications of the basic store
semantics. The notion of “closure store expressions” is gone (and
so is the notion of “successors”); the file system references of a
store path are now just stored in the database.</para>
<para>For instance, given any store path, you can query its closure:
<screen>
$ nix-store -qR $(which firefox)
... lots of paths ...</screen>
Also, Nix now remembers for each store path the derivation that
built it (the “deriver”):
<screen>
$ nix-store -qR $(which firefox)
/nix/store/4b0jx7vq80l9aqcnkszxhymsf1ffa5jd-firefox-1.0.1.drv</screen>
So to see the build-time dependencies, you can do
<screen>
$ nix-store -qR $(nix-store -qd $(which firefox))</screen>
or, in a nicer format:
<screen>
$ nix-store -q --tree $(nix-store -qd $(which firefox))</screen>
</para>
<para>File system references are also stored in reverse. For
instance, you can query all paths that directly or indirectly use a
certain Glibc:
<screen>
$ nix-store -q --referrers-closure \
/nix/store/8lz9yc6zgmc0vlqmn2ipcpkjlmbi51vv-glibc-2.3.4</screen>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>The concept of fixed-output derivations has been
formalised. Previously, functions such as
<function>fetchurl</function> in Nixpkgs used a hack (namely,
explicitly specifying a store path hash) to prevent changes to, say,
the URL of the file from propagating upwards through the dependency
graph, causing rebuilds of everything. This can now be done cleanly
by specifying the <varname>outputHash</varname> and
<varname>outputHashAlgo</varname> attributes. Nix itself checks
that the content of the output has the specified hash. (This is
important for maintaining certain invariants necessary for future
work on secure shared stores.)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>One-click installation :-) It is now possible to
install any top-level component in Nixpkgs directly, through the web
— see, e.g., <link
xlink:href='http://catamaran.labs.cs.uu.nl/dist/nixpkgs-0.8/' />.
All you have to do is associate
<filename>/nix/bin/nix-install-package</filename> with the MIME type
<literal>application/nix-package</literal> (or the extension
<filename>.nixpkg</filename>), and clicking on a package link will
cause it to be installed, with all appropriate dependencies. If you
just want to install some specific application, this is easier than
subscribing to a channel.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><command>nix-store -r
<replaceable>PATHS</replaceable></command> now builds all the
derivations PATHS in parallel. Previously it did them sequentially
(though exploiting possible parallelism between subderivations).
This is nice for build farms.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><command>nix-channel</command> has new operations
<option>--list</option> and
<option>--remove</option>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New ways of installing components into user
environments:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Copy from another user environment:
<screen>
$ nix-env -i --from-profile .../other-profile firefox</screen>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Install a store derivation directly (bypassing the
Nix expression language entirely):
<screen>
$ nix-env -i /nix/store/z58v41v21xd3...-aterm-2.3.1.drv</screen>
(This is used to implement <command>nix-install-package</command>,
which is therefore immune to evolution in the Nix expression
language.)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Install an already built store path directly:
<screen>
$ nix-env -i /nix/store/hsyj5pbn0d9i...-aterm-2.3.1</screen>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Install the result of a Nix expression specified
as a command-line argument:
<screen>
$ nix-env -f .../i686-linux.nix -i -E 'x: x.firefoxWrapper'</screen>
The difference with the normal installation mode is that
<option>-E</option> does not use the <varname>name</varname>
attributes of derivations. Therefore, this can be used to
disambiguate multiple derivations with the same
name.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>A hash of the contents of a store path is now stored
in the database after a succesful build. This allows you to check
whether store paths have been tampered with: <command>nix-store
--verify --check-contents</command>.</para></listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Implemented a concurrent garbage collector. It is now
always safe to run the garbage collector, even if other Nix
operations are happening simultaneously.</para>
<para>However, there can still be GC races if you use
<command>nix-instantiate</command> and <command>nix-store
--realise</command> directly to build things. To prevent races,
use the <option>--add-root</option> flag of those commands.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>The garbage collector now finally deletes paths in
the right order (i.e., topologically sorted under the “references”
relation), thus making it safe to interrupt the collector without
risking a store that violates the closure
invariant.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Likewise, the substitute mechanism now downloads
files in the right order, thus preserving the closure invariant at
all times.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The result of <command>nix-build</command> is now
registered as a root of the garbage collector. If the
<filename>./result</filename> link is deleted, the GC root
disappears automatically.</para></listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The behaviour of the garbage collector can be changed
globally by setting options in
<filename>/nix/etc/nix/nix.conf</filename>.
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para><literal>gc-keep-derivations</literal> specifies
whether deriver links should be followed when searching for live
paths.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><literal>gc-keep-outputs</literal> specifies
whether outputs of derivations should be followed when searching
for live paths.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><literal>env-keep-derivations</literal>
specifies whether user environments should store the paths of
derivations when they are added (thus keeping the derivations
alive).</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New <command>nix-env</command> query flags
<option>--drv-path</option> and
<option>--out-path</option>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><command>fetchurl</command> allows SHA-1 and SHA-256
in addition to MD5. Just specify the attribute
<varname>sha1</varname> or <varname>sha256</varname> instead of
<varname>md5</varname>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Manual updates.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</section>
<!--==================================================================-->
<section><title>Release 0.7 (January 12, 2005)</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Binary patching. When upgrading components using
pre-built binaries (through nix-pull / nix-channel), Nix can
automatically download and apply binary patches to already installed
components instead of full downloads. Patching is “smart”: if there
is a <emphasis>sequence</emphasis> of patches to an installed
component, Nix will use it. Patches are currently generated
automatically between Nixpkgs (pre-)releases.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Simplifications to the substitute
mechanism.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Nix-pull now stores downloaded manifests in
<filename>/nix/var/nix/manifests</filename>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Metadata on files in the Nix store is canonicalised
after builds: the last-modified timestamp is set to 0 (00:00:00
1/1/1970), the mode is set to 0444 or 0555 (readable and possibly
executable by all; setuid/setgid bits are dropped), and the group is
set to the default. This ensures that the result of a build and an
installation through a substitute is the same; and that timestamp
dependencies are revealed.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
<!--==================================================================-->
<section><title>Release 0.6 (November 14, 2004)</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Rewrite of the normalisation engine.
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Multiple builds can now be performed in parallel
(option <option>-j</option>).</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Distributed builds. Nix can now call a shell
script to forward builds to Nix installations on remote
machines, which may or may not be of the same platform
type.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Option <option>--fallback</option> allows
recovery from broken substitutes.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Option <option>--keep-going</option> causes
building of other (unaffected) derivations to continue if one
failed.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Improvements to the garbage collector (i.e., it
should actually work now).</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Setuid Nix installations allow a Nix store to be
shared among multiple users.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Substitute registration is much faster
now.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>A utility <command>nix-build</command> to build a
Nix expression and create a symlink to the result int the current
directory; useful for testing Nix derivations.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Manual updates.</para></listitem>
<listitem>
<para><command>nix-env</command> changes:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Derivations for other platforms are filtered out
(which can be overriden using
<option>--system-filter</option>).</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><option>--install</option> by default now
uninstall previous derivations with the same
name.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><option>--upgrade</option> allows upgrading to a
specific version.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New operation
<option>--delete-generations</option> to remove profile
generations (necessary for effective garbage
collection).</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Nicer output (sorted,
columnised).</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>More sensible verbosity levels all around (builder
output is now shown always, unless <option>-Q</option> is
given).</para></listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Nix expression language changes:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>New language construct: <literal>with
<replaceable>E1</replaceable>;
<replaceable>E2</replaceable></literal> brings all attributes
defined in the attribute set <replaceable>E1</replaceable> in
scope in <replaceable>E2</replaceable>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Added a <function>map</function>
function.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Various new operators (e.g., string
concatenation).</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Expression evaluation is much
faster.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>An Emacs mode for editing Nix expressions (with
syntax highlighting and indentation) has been
added.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Many bug fixes.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
<!--==================================================================-->
<section><title>Release 0.5 and earlier</title>
<para>Please refer to the Subversion commit log messages.</para>
</section>
</article>