764 lines
22 KiB
Text
764 lines
22 KiB
Text
<!doctype refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.1//EN">
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<refentry>
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<refentryinfo>
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<date>07 August 2019</date>
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</refentryinfo>
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<refmeta>
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<refentrytitle>wpa_supplicant</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
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</refmeta>
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<refnamediv>
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<refname>wpa_supplicant</refname>
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<refpurpose>Wi-Fi Protected Access client and IEEE 802.1X supplicant</refpurpose>
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</refnamediv>
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<refsynopsisdiv>
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>wpa_supplicant</command>
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<arg>-BddfhKLqqsTtuvW</arg>
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<arg>-i<replaceable>ifname</replaceable></arg>
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<arg>-c<replaceable>config file</replaceable></arg>
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<arg>-D<replaceable>driver</replaceable></arg>
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<arg>-P<replaceable>PID_file</replaceable></arg>
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<arg>-f<replaceable>output file</replaceable></arg>
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</cmdsynopsis>
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</refsynopsisdiv>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Overview</title>
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<para>
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Wireless networks do not require physical access to the network equipment
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in the same way as wired networks. This makes it easier for unauthorized
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users to passively monitor a network and capture all transmitted frames.
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In addition, unauthorized use of the network is much easier. In many cases,
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this can happen even without user's explicit knowledge since the wireless
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LAN adapter may have been configured to automatically join any available
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network.
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</para>
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<para>
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Link-layer encryption can be used to provide a layer of security for
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wireless networks. The original wireless LAN standard, IEEE 802.11,
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included a simple encryption mechanism, WEP. However, that proved to
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be flawed in many areas and network protected with WEP cannot be consider
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secure. IEEE 802.1X authentication and frequently changed dynamic WEP keys
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can be used to improve the network security, but even that has inherited
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security issues due to the use of WEP for encryption. Wi-Fi Protected
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Access and IEEE 802.11i amendment to the wireless LAN standard introduce
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a much improved mechanism for securing wireless networks. IEEE 802.11i
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enabled networks that are using CCMP (encryption mechanism based on strong
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cryptographic algorithm AES) can finally be called secure used for
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applications which require efficient protection against unauthorized
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access.
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</para>
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<para><command>wpa_supplicant</command> is an implementation of
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the WPA Supplicant component, i.e., the part that runs in the
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client stations. It implements WPA key negotiation with a WPA
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Authenticator and EAP authentication with Authentication
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Server. In addition, it controls the roaming and IEEE 802.11
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authentication/association of the wireless LAN driver.</para>
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<para><command>wpa_supplicant</command> is designed to be a
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"daemon" program that runs in the background and acts as the
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backend component controlling the wireless
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connection. <command>wpa_supplicant</command> supports separate
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frontend programs and an example text-based frontend,
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<command>wpa_cli</command>, is included with
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wpa_supplicant.</para>
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<para>Before wpa_supplicant can do its work, the network interface
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must be available. That means that the physical device must be
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present and enabled, and the driver for the device must be
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loaded. The daemon will exit immediately if the device is not already
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available.</para>
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<para>After <command>wpa_supplicant</command> has configured the
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network device, higher level configuration such as DHCP may
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proceed. There are a variety of ways to integrate wpa_supplicant
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into a machine's networking scripts, a few of which are described
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in sections below.</para>
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<para>The following steps are used when associating with an AP
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using WPA:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para><command>wpa_supplicant</command> requests the kernel
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driver to scan neighboring BSSes</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><command>wpa_supplicant</command> selects a BSS based on
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its configuration</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><command>wpa_supplicant</command> requests the kernel
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driver to associate with the chosen BSS</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>If WPA-EAP: integrated IEEE 802.1X Supplicant
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completes EAP authentication with the
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authentication server (proxied by the Authenticator in the
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AP)</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>If WPA-EAP: master key is received from the IEEE 802.1X
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Supplicant</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>If WPA-PSK: <command>wpa_supplicant</command> uses PSK
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as the master session key</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><command>wpa_supplicant</command> completes WPA 4-Way
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Handshake and Group Key Handshake with the Authenticator
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(AP)</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><command>wpa_supplicant</command> configures encryption
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keys for unicast and broadcast</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>normal data packets can be transmitted and received</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Supported Features</title>
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<para>Supported WPA/IEEE 802.11i features:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>WPA-PSK ("WPA-Personal")</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>WPA with EAP (e.g., with RADIUS authentication server)
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("WPA-Enterprise") Following authentication methods are
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supported with an integrate IEEE 802.1X Supplicant:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>EAP-TLS</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>EAP-PEAP/MSCHAPv2 (both PEAPv0 and PEAPv1)</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>EAP-PEAP/TLS (both PEAPv0 and PEAPv1)</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>EAP-PEAP/GTC (both PEAPv0 and PEAPv1)</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>EAP-PEAP/OTP (both PEAPv0 and PEAPv1)</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>EAP-PEAP/MD5-Challenge (both PEAPv0 and PEAPv1)</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>EAP-TTLS/EAP-MD5-Challenge</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>EAP-TTLS/EAP-GTC</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem><para>EAP-TTLS/EAP-OTP</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>EAP-TTLS/EAP-MSCHAPv2</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>EAP-TTLS/EAP-TLS</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>EAP-TTLS/MSCHAPv2</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>EAP-TTLS/MSCHAP</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>EAP-TTLS/PAP</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>EAP-TTLS/CHAP</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>EAP-SIM</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>EAP-AKA</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>EAP-PSK</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>EAP-PAX</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>LEAP (note: requires special support from
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the driver for IEEE 802.11 authentication)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>(following methods are supported, but since
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they do not generate keying material, they cannot be used
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with WPA or IEEE 802.1X WEP keying)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>EAP-MD5-Challenge </para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>EAP-MSCHAPv2</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>EAP-GTC</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>EAP-OTP</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>key management for CCMP, TKIP, WEP104, WEP40</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>RSN/WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i)</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>pre-authentication</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>PMKSA caching</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Available Drivers</title>
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<para>A summary of available driver backends is below. Support for each
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of the driver backends is chosen at wpa_supplicant compile time. For a
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list of supported driver backends that may be used with the -D option on
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your system, refer to the help output of wpa_supplicant
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(<emphasis>wpa_supplicant -h</emphasis>).</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>nl80211</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Uses the modern Linux nl80211/cfg80211 netlink-based
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interface (most new drivers).</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>wext</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Uses the legacy Linux wireless extensions ioctl-based
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interface (older hardware/drivers).</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>wired</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>wpa_supplicant wired Ethernet driver</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>roboswitch</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>wpa_supplicant Broadcom switch driver</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>bsd</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>BSD 802.11 support (Atheros, etc.).</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>ndis</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Windows NDIS driver.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</variablelist>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Command Line Options</title>
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<para>Most command line options have global scope. Some are given per
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interface, and are only valid if at least one <option>-i</option> option
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is specified, otherwise they're ignored. Option groups for different
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interfaces must be separated by <option>-N</option> option.</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>-b br_ifname</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Optional bridge interface name. (Per interface)</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>-B</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Run daemon in the background.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>-c filename</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Path to configuration file. (Per interface)</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>-C ctrl_interface</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Path to ctrl_interface socket (Per interface. Only used if
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<option>-c</option> is not).</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>-i ifname</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Interface to listen on. Multiple instances of this option can
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be present, one per interface, separated by <option>-N</option>
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option (see below).</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>-d</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Increase debugging verbosity (<option>-dd</option> even
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more).</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>-D driver</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Driver to use (can be multiple drivers: nl80211,wext).
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(Per interface, see the available options below.)</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>-e entropy file</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>File for <command>wpa_supplicant</command> to use to
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maintain its internal entropy store in over restarts.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>-f output file</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Log output to specified file instead of stdout. (This
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is only available if <command>wpa_supplicant</command> was
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built with the <literal>CONFIG_DEBUG_FILE</literal>
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option.)</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>-g global ctrl_interface</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Path to global ctrl_interface socket. If specified, interface
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definitions may be omitted.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>-K</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Include keys (passwords, etc.) in debug output.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>-h</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Help. Show a usage message.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>-L</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Show license (BSD).</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>-o override driver</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Override the driver parameter for new
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interfaces.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>-O override ctrl_interface</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Override the ctrl_interface parameter for new
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interfaces.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>-p</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Driver parameters. (Per interface)</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>-P PID_file</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Path to PID file.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>-q</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Decrease debugging verbosity (<option>-qq</option> even
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less).</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>-s</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Log output to syslog instead of stdout. (This is only
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available if <command>wpa_supplicant</command> was built
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with the <literal>CONFIG_DEBUG_SYSLOG</literal>
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option.)</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>-T</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Log output to Linux tracing in addition to any other
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destinations. (This is only available
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if <command>wpa_supplicant</command> was built with
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the <literal>CONFIG_DEBUG_LINUX_TRACING</literal>
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option.)</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>-t</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Include timestamp in debug messages.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>-u</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Enable DBus control interface. If enabled, interface
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definitions may be omitted. (This is only available
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if <command>wpa_supplicant</command> was built with
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the <literal>CONFIG_CTRL_IFACE_DBUS_NEW</literal> option.)</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>-v</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Show version.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>-W</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Wait for a control interface monitor before starting.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>-N</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Start describing new interface.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</variablelist>
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</refsect1>
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|
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<refsect1>
|
|
<title>Examples</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>In most common cases, <command>wpa_supplicant</command> is
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started with:</para>
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|
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<blockquote><programlisting>
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wpa_supplicant -B -c/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf -iwlan0
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</programlisting></blockquote>
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|
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<para>This makes the process fork into background.</para>
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<para>The easiest way to debug problems, and to get debug log for
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bug reports, is to start <command>wpa_supplicant</command> on
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foreground with debugging enabled:</para>
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|
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<blockquote><programlisting>
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wpa_supplicant -c/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf -iwlan0 -d
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</programlisting></blockquote>
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|
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<para>If the specific driver wrapper is not known beforehand, it is
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possible to specify multiple comma separated driver wrappers on the command
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line. <command>wpa_supplicant</command> will use the first driver
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wrapper that is able to initialize the interface.</para>
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|
|
<blockquote><programlisting>
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wpa_supplicant -Dnl80211,wext -c/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf -iwlan0
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</programlisting></blockquote>
|
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|
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<para><command>wpa_supplicant</command> can control multiple
|
|
interfaces (radios) either by running one process for each
|
|
interface separately or by running just one process and list of
|
|
options at command line. Each interface is separated with -N
|
|
argument. As an example, following command would start
|
|
wpa_supplicant for two interfaces:</para>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><programlisting>
|
|
wpa_supplicant \
|
|
-c wpa1.conf -i wlan0 -D nl80211 -N \
|
|
-c wpa2.conf -i ath0 -D wext
|
|
</programlisting></blockquote>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>OS Requirements</title>
|
|
<para>Current hardware/software requirements:</para>
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Linux kernel 2.6.30 or higher with
|
|
nl80211/cfg80211 support</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Linux kernel 2.4.x or higher with Linux Wireless
|
|
Extensions v15 or newer</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>FreeBSD 6-CURRENT</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Microsoft Windows with WinPcap (at least WinXP, may work
|
|
with other versions)</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>Supported Drivers</title>
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Linux nl80211/cfg80211</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>This is the preferred driver for Linux.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Linux wireless extensions</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>In theory, any driver that supports Linux wireless
|
|
extensions can be used with IEEE 802.1X (i.e., not WPA) when
|
|
using ap_scan=0 option in configuration file.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Wired Ethernet drivers</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Use ap_scan=0.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>BSD net80211 layer (e.g., Atheros driver)</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>At the moment, this is for FreeBSD 6-CURRENT branch.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Windows NDIS</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The current Windows port requires WinPcap
|
|
(http://winpcap.polito.it/). See README-Windows.txt for more
|
|
information.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>wpa_supplicant was designed to be portable for different
|
|
drivers and operating systems. Hopefully, support for more wlan
|
|
cards and OSes will be added in the future. See developer.txt for
|
|
more information about the design of wpa_supplicant and porting to
|
|
other drivers. One main goal is to add full WPA/WPA2 support to
|
|
Linux wireless extensions to allow new drivers to be supported
|
|
without having to implement new driver-specific interface code in
|
|
wpa_supplicant.</para>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>Architecture</title> <para>The
|
|
<command>wpa_supplicant</command> system consists of the following
|
|
components:</para>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><filename>wpa_supplicant.conf</filename> </term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>the configuration file describing all networks that the
|
|
user wants the computer to connect to. </para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><command>wpa_supplicant</command></term>
|
|
<listitem><para>the program that directly interacts with the
|
|
network interface. </para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><command>wpa_cli</command></term> <listitem><para> the
|
|
client program that provides a high-level interface to the
|
|
functionality of the daemon. </para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><command>wpa_passphrase</command></term>
|
|
<listitem><para>a utility needed to construct
|
|
<filename>wpa_supplicant.conf</filename> files that include
|
|
encrypted passwords.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>Quick Start</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>First, make a configuration file, e.g.
|
|
<filename>/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf</filename>, that describes the networks
|
|
you are interested in. See <citerefentry>
|
|
<refentrytitle>wpa_supplicant.conf</refentrytitle>
|
|
<manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
|
|
</citerefentry>
|
|
for details.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Once the configuration is ready, you can test whether the
|
|
configuration works by running <command>wpa_supplicant</command>
|
|
with following command to start it on foreground with debugging
|
|
enabled:</para>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><programlisting>
|
|
wpa_supplicant -iwlan0 -c/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf -d
|
|
</programlisting></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<para>Assuming everything goes fine, you can start using following
|
|
command to start <command>wpa_supplicant</command> on background
|
|
without debugging:</para>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><programlisting>
|
|
wpa_supplicant -iwlan0 -c/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf -B
|
|
</programlisting></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<para>Please note that if you included more than one driver
|
|
interface in the build time configuration (.config), you may need
|
|
to specify which interface to use by including -D<driver
|
|
name> option on the command line.</para>
|
|
|
|
<!-- XXX at this point, the page could include a little script
|
|
based on wpa_cli to wait for a connection and then run
|
|
dhclient -->
|
|
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>Interface to pcmcia-cs/cardmrg</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>For example, following small changes to pcmcia-cs scripts
|
|
can be used to enable WPA support:</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Add MODE="Managed" and WPA="y" to the network scheme in
|
|
<filename>/etc/pcmcia/wireless.opts</filename>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Add the following block to the end of <emphasis>start</emphasis>
|
|
action handler in <filename>/etc/pcmcia/wireless</filename>:</para>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><programlisting>
|
|
if [ "$WPA" = "y" -a -x /usr/local/bin/wpa_supplicant ]; then
|
|
/usr/local/bin/wpa_supplicant -B -c/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf -i$DEVICE
|
|
fi
|
|
</programlisting></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>Add the following block to the end of <emphasis>stop</emphasis>
|
|
action handler (may need to be separated from other actions) in
|
|
<filename>/etc/pcmcia/wireless</filename>:</para>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><programlisting>
|
|
if [ "$WPA" = "y" -a -x /usr/local/bin/wpa_supplicant ]; then
|
|
killall wpa_supplicant
|
|
fi
|
|
</programlisting></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<para>This will make <command>cardmgr</command> start
|
|
<command>wpa_supplicant</command> when the card is plugged
|
|
in.</para>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>See Also</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<citerefentry>
|
|
<refentrytitle>wpa_background</refentrytitle>
|
|
<manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
|
|
</citerefentry>
|
|
<citerefentry>
|
|
<refentrytitle>wpa_supplicant.conf</refentrytitle>
|
|
<manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
|
|
</citerefentry>
|
|
<citerefentry>
|
|
<refentrytitle>wpa_cli</refentrytitle>
|
|
<manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
|
|
</citerefentry>
|
|
<citerefentry>
|
|
<refentrytitle>wpa_passphrase</refentrytitle>
|
|
<manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
|
|
</citerefentry>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>Legal</title>
|
|
<para>wpa_supplicant is copyright (c) 2003-2022,
|
|
Jouni Malinen <email>j@w1.fi</email> and
|
|
contributors.
|
|
All Rights Reserved.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>This program is licensed under the BSD license (the one with
|
|
advertisement clause removed).</para>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
</refentry>
|