The wpa_ie buffer is now allocated here and needs to be freed before
returning from the function.
Fixes: d2ba0d719e ("Move assoc param setting into a helper function")
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
Use a shared code path for freeing the wpa_ie buffer to avoid
unnecessary complexity with a separate return for the non-FILS case.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
Build eap_*.so into the wpa_supplicant similarly with the wpa_supplicant
binary and include the shared helper functions from additional files
into the builds. This got broken at some point with the build system
changes.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
These frames are used for verifying that a specific SA and protected
link is in functional state between two devices. The IEEE 802.11
standard defines only a case that uses individual MAC address as the
destination. While there is no explicit rule on the receiver to ignore
other cases, it seems safer to make sure group-addressed frames do not
end up resulting in undesired behavior. As such, drop such frames
instead of interpreting them as valid SA Query Request/Response.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
For an autonomous P2P group on the 5 GHz band, a channel was picked only
from the operating class 115 which is not available in the EU region
anymore. As a result, an autonomous group creation would always fail in
this generic 5 GHz channel case.
There are more possible available channels for the 5 GHz currently.
Especially in the EU region, the operating class 115 channels are no
longer available, but SRD channels (the operating class 124) are
available. Allow them to be used here if they are marked as allowed for
P2P GO use.
In addition, iterate through all the potential options instead of just
checking the first randomly picked channel. Start this iteration from
random position to maintain some randomness in this process.
Signed-off-by: Jimmy Chen <jimmycmchen@google.com>
Determine if the TDLS peer is HE capable based on HE Capability element
received in the TDLS Setup Response frame. Indicate the peer's HE
capabilities to the driver through sta_add().
Signed-off-by: Sreeramya Soratkal <ssramya@codeaurora.org>
The TX event for the next frame in the sequence might be received before
the TX status for the final GAS response frame is processed. This used
to result in the Config Result getting discarded and the negotiation not
completing successfully on the Configurator side.
Accept the Config Result message as an indication of the final GAS
response frame having went through fine even if the TX status has not
yet been processed to avoid this issue from a potential race condition
on kernel events.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
Don't use 'protected' as the name of the variable in bss.h since this
might be used in control interfaces that use C++.
Fixes: 1c77f3d3f9 ("Indicate whether additional ANQP elements were protected")
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
These defines are for the capability bit number, not the binary value
from the bit index. As such, need to use BIT() here to set the bitmap
appropriately.
Signed-off-by: Ilan Peer <ilan.peer@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrei Otcheretianski <andrei.otcheretianski@intel.com>
extra_buf allocation was missed in one of the error cases.
Fixes: 170775232d ("ANQP: Add support to specify frequency in ANQP_GET command")
Signed-off-by: Andrei Otcheretianski <andrei.otcheretianski@intel.com>
When the driver SME is used, offloaded RSN handshakes like SA Query, GTK
rekeying, FT authentication, etc. would fail if wpa_supplicant enables
OCV in initial connection based on configuration but the driver doesn't
support OCV. To avoid such failures check the driver's capability for
enabling OCV when the driver SME used.
This commit also adds a capability flag for indicating OCV support
by the driver.
Signed-off-by: Veerendranath Jakkam <vjakkam@codeaurora.org>
Set conf.force_kdk_derivation within the same if block as all the other
parameters. This is used only if ssid is not NULL, so no need to have
any special handling for this parameter.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
Enabling beacon protection will cause STA connection/AP setup failures
if the driver doesn't support beacon protection. To avoid this, check
the driver capability before enabling beacon protection.
This commit also adds a capability flag to indicate beacon protection
support in client mode only.
Signed-off-by: Veerendranath Jakkam <vjakkam@codeaurora.org>
Prior to this patch, we failed to recreate bit-by-bit identical
copies of wpa_supplicant because it doesn't generate reproducible manpages.
Since the latest version(0.6.14-3 or new) of docbook-utils have already
support getting the date from sgml file [1], it is possible to make some
progress on the "reproducible builds" effort [2].
[1]: https://sources.debian.org/patches/docbook-utils/0.6.14-3
[2]: https://reproducible-builds.org
Signed-off-by: Hu Keping <hukeping@huawei.com>
It was not easily possible to separate configuration of an interface and
credentials when using the configuration file instead of the control
interface or D-Bus interface for setting up the network profiles. This
makes it hard to distribute configuration across a set of nodes which
use wpa_supplicant without also having to store credentials in the same
file. While this can be solved via scripting, having a native way to
achieve this would be preferable.
Turns out there already is a framework to have external password
storages. It only had a single "test" backend though, which is kind of
an in-memory store which gets initialized with all passwords up front
and is mainly for testing purposes. This isn't really suitable for the
above use case: the backend cannot be initialized as part of the central
configuration given that it needs the credentials, and we want to avoid
scripting.
This commit thus extends the infrastructure to implement a new backend,
which instead uses a simple configuration file containing key-value
pairs. The file follows the format which wpa_supplicant.conf(5) uses:
empty lines and comments are ignored, while passwords can be specified
with simple `password-name=password-value` assignments.
With this new backend, splitting up credentials and configuration
becomes trivial:
# /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf
ext_password_backend=file:/etc/wpa_supplicant/psk.conf
network={
ssid="foobar"
psk=ext:foobar
}
# /etc/wpa_supplicant/psk.conf
foobar=ecdabff9c80632ec6fcffc4a8875e95d45cf93376d3b99da6881298853dc686b
Alternative approaches would be to support including other configuration
files in the main configuration, such that common configuration and
network declarations including credentials are split up into separate
files. But the implementation would probably have been more complex
compared to reusing the already-existing framework for external password
backends.
Signed-off-by: Patrick Steinhardt <ps@pks.im>
The function wpa_config_get_line() is used by the wpa_supplicant config
file parser to retrieve the next non-comment non-blank line. We'll need
the same kind of functionality to implement the file-based external
password backend, so as a preparatory step this commit extracts the
function into its own standalone file in the utils package.
No functional changes are expected from this commit.
Signed-off-by: Patrick Steinhardt <ps@pks.im>
Number of the P2P+NFC test cases have been failing every now and then
and those failures seemed to be because of having somehow managed to
select the GO's operating channel as HT40+ on the channel 11 in the 2.4
GHz band, i.e., something that is clearly incorrect. The P2P check for
HT40 secondary channel is supported only on the 5 GHz band, so drop HT40
configuration if it shows up unexpectedly on the 2.4 GHz band to avoid
issues in GO being able to start.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
There's a chance that prior to config reload being requested a scan work
was started. As such forcing wpa_supplicant to WPA_DISCONNECTED was
removing any hints that the actual driver is busy with work. That led to
wpa_supplicant reporting "Failed to initialize AP scan" over and over
again for a few seconds (depending on driver/capabilities) until the
untracked scan finished.
Cancelling a scan isn't really a solution because there's a bunch of
scanning state bits sprinkled across wpa_supplicant structure and they
get updated as driver events actually flow in in async manner.
As far as I can tell this is only preventing unnecessary warning
messages. This doesn't seem like it was crippling any logic per se.
Signed-off-by: Michal Kazior <michal@plume.com>
The chirp scan could override the scan_res_handler. This could lead to
wpa_supplicant getting stuck in a scanning state while not scanning at
all until forced to, e.g., via an explicit SCAN control command.
The condition for trigerring this problem in my testing was when
(interface_count % 3) == 2. This introduced a two second delay before
actual scan was triggered after starting the wpa_supplicant instance up.
If DPP chirping was requested fast enough, in between the queueing and
triggering, it would punt the scan request, never to be resumed again.
Chirp scan handler wouldn't resume it leaving wpa_supplicant
inadvertently idle.
Signed-off-by: Michal Kazior <michal@plume.com>
Previously, the channel number was set in hostapd_freq_params only with
the presence of HT capabilities. Set the channel number before the check
for HT mode to accommodate the 6 GHz band cases.
Signed-off-by: Pradeep Kumar Chitrapu <pradeepc@codeaurora.org>
hostapd was already exposing this. There's no reason not to expose it in
wpa_supplicant. This allows 3rd party apps interacting with the control
interface to handle DPP events to get configs instead of needing to
dance around with update_config=1 and SAVE_CONFIG.
Signed-off-by: Michal Kazior <michal@plume.com>
hostapd was already exposing this. There's no reason not to expose it in
wpa_supplicant. This allows 3rd party apps interacting with the control
interface to handle DPP events to get configs instead of needing to
dance around with update_config=1 and SAVE_CONFIG.
Signed-off-by: Michal Kazior <michal@plume.com>
The Authentication Request frames triggered by the reception of a
Presence Announcement frame were sent to the broadcast address. This is
not correct behavior since the source MAC address of the Presence
Announcement frame was supposed to override the Responder MAC address.
Fix this by using that source MAC address to avoid unnecessary use of
broadcast frames.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
The static function is_chanwidth160_supported() is called only within
CONFIG_P2P block so the function itself needs to have matching condition
for build.
Fixes: ed24bad1d9 ("AP: Check driver support while auto-selecting bandwidth for AP/P2P GO")
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
Use more accurate INTERWORKING_EXCLUDED for this. The actual event
prefix is not changed to remains compatible with external components
using this control interface event message.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
Use a more specific name for the control interface command used for
managing the list of BSSIDs that are temporarily ignored.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
Rename the network profile parameters bssid_blacklist and
bssid_whitelist to bssid_ignore and bssid_accept to use more specific
names for the configuration of which BSSs are ignored/accepted during
BSS selection. The old parameter names are maintained as aliases for the
new names to avoid breaking compatibility with previously used
configurations.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
For Android the default value of 5 seconds is usually too short for
scan results from last scan initiated from settings app to be
considered for fast-associate. Make the fast-associate timer value
configurable so that a suitable value can be set based on a systems
regular scan interval.
Signed-off-by: Mikael Kanstrup <mikael.kanstrup@sony.com>
wpa_supplicant does not send a D-Bus notification of the BSS frequency
change when a CSA happens. Sending a PropertyChanged signal with the
updated frequency will notify the network manager quickly, instead of
waiting for the next scan results.
Signed-off-by: Arowa Suliman <arowa@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Brian Norris <briannorris@chromium.org>
Add option 2 to the p2p_device_random_mac_addr configuration option to
support device drivers which use by default random MAC adresses when
creating a new P2P Device interface (for instance, the BCM2711 80211
wireless device driver included in Raspberry Pi 4 Model B). In such
case, this option allows to create the P2P Device interface correctly
when using P2P permanent groups, enabling wpa_supplicant to reuse the
same MAC address when re-invoking a P2P permanent group.
update_config=1 is required.
Signed-off-by: Ircama <amacri@tiscali.it>
Use the helper instead of open-coding the check. Since the
helper doesn't handle a NULL BSS, keep that extra check.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Berg <johannes.berg@intel.com>
The wpa_bss structure's last element is an empty array. The forgotten
code here assumed that the array of IEs was contiguous to the wpa_bss
structure. This is not always the case anymore. Update this missed case
to use the new wpa_bss_ie_ptr() wrapper to send the correct array of IEs
over DBus.
Fixes: be7ee264f6 ("BSS: Use wrapper function for getting a pointer to the IE buffer")
Signed-off-by: Brad Kemp <brad at beechwoods.com>
Currently, the external_scan_running flag is not reset when an interface
is removed. Thus, if a connection attempt is made on another iface, it
will fail due to wpa_supplicant incorrectly assuming the radio is still
busy due to the ongoing scan.
To fix this, convert external_scan_running to a pointer to the interface
that started the scan. If this interface is removed, also reset the
pointer to NULL so that other operations may continue on this radio.
Test:
1. Start scan on wlan0
2. Remove wlan0
3. Can connect to a network on wlan1
Signed-off-by: David Su <dysu@google.com>
Derive the KDK as part of PMK to PTK derivation if forced by
configuration or in case both the local station and the AP declare
support for secure LTF.
Signed-off-by: Ilan Peer <ilan.peer@intel.com>
IEEE P802.11az/D2.6 added definitions to include RSNXE in the PASN
negotiation. Implement the new functionality in both wpa_supplicant and
hostapd.
Signed-off-by: Ilan Peer <ilan.peer@intel.com>
Add support for PASN authentication with FT key derivation:
- As IEEE P802.11az/D2.6 states that wrapped data is optional and
is only needed for further validation of the FT security parameters,
do not include them in the first PASN frame.
- PASN with FT key derivation requires knowledge of the PMK-R1 and
PMK-R1-Name for the target AP. As the WPA state machine stores PMK-R1,
etc. only for the currently associated AP, store the mapping of
BSSID to R1KH-ID for each previous association, so the R1KH-ID
could be used to derive PMK-R1 and PMK-R1-Name. Do so instead
of storing the PMK-R1 to avoid maintaining keys that might not
be used.
Signed-off-by: Ilan Peer <ilan.peer@intel.com>
As the PASN FILS authentication is only defined for FILS SK without PFS,
and to support PASN authentication with FILS, implement the PASN with
FILS processing as part of the PASN handling and not as part of the WPA
state machine.
Signed-off-by: Ilan Peer <ilan.peer@intel.com>
Add PASN implementation to wpa_supplicant
1. Add functions to initialize and clear PASN data.
2. Add functions to construct PASN Authentication frames.
3. Add function to process PASN Authentication frame.
4. Add function to handle PASN frame TX status.
5. Implement the station side flow processing for PASN.
The implementation is missing support for wrapped data and PMKSA
establishment for base AKMs, and only supports PASN authentication or
base AKM with PMKSA caching.
The missing parts will be added in later patches.
Signed-off-by: Ilan Peer <ilan.peer@intel.com>
PASN requires to store the PTK derived during PASN authentication
so it can later be used for secure LTF etc. This is also true
for a PTK derived during regular connection.
Add an instance of a PTKSA cache for each wpa_supplicant
interface when PASN is enabled in build configuration.
Signed-off-by: Ilan Peer <ilan.peer@intel.com>
1. Add a function to derive the PTK from a PMK and additional data.
2. Add a function to calculate the MIC for a PASN frames.
3. Add a function to compute the hash of an authentication frame body.
The above are built only in case that CONFIG_PASN is enabled at build
time.
Signed-off-by: Ilan Peer <ilan.peer@intel.com>
Extend the wpa_pmk_to_ptk() to also derive Key Derivation
Key (KDK), which can later be used for secure LTF measurements.
Update the wpa_supplicant and hostapd configuration and the
corresponding WPA and WPA Auth state machine, to allow enabling of KDK
derivation. For now, use a testing parameter to control whether KDK is
derived.
Signed-off-by: Ilan Peer <ilan.peer@intel.com>
Add support for new channels 173 and 177 in the operating classes 125 to
130 as defined in draft IEEE P802.11ax/D8.0.
Signed-off-by: Sreeramya Soratkal <ssramya@codeaurora.org>
After sending DPP Auth Response, the Responder might not receive the
Auth Confirm either due to the Initiator not sending it or the reception
of the frame failing for some reason (e.g., Responder having already
left the negotiation channel). If this happens, following initiation
attempts would fail since the consecutive Auth Request would get
discarded since the previous authentication is still in progress.
Terminate DPP authentication on Responder, if no Auth Confirm is
received within one second of successfully sending Auth Response. This
allows the Responder to accept start of a new exchange.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
Commit 02c21c02d0 ("wpa_supplicant: Do not disconnect on deinit if
WoWLAN is enabled") prevents the disconnection on deinit if the driver
indicates that WoWLAN is enabled. This is not the expected behavior in
some earlier use cases where the wpa_supplicant process is left running
when going to sleep and killing of the wpa_supplicant process is used
only when there is an expectation of Wi-Fi connection being disabled.
To support the use cases which require the WLAN to disconnect on deinit
even if WoWLAN is enabled, introduce a configuration parameter
wowlan_disconnect_on_deinit. This is set to 0 by default thereby not
impacting the functionality in the above mentioned commit. Setting it to
1 restores the old behavior before the commit identified above.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
Export a new 'suiteb192' capability to indicate that wpa_supplicant was
built with WPA-EAP-SUITE-B-192 support and accepts
'key_mgmt=WPA-EAP-SUITE-B-192'.
Signed-off-by: Antonio Cardace <acardace@redhat.com>
WPS_EVENT_OVERLAP case was missing on wpa_cli_action_process function in
wpa_cli.c, so when the overlap event occurs, there was no event message
sent to the action script. Add this event case to the function.
Signed-off-by: Berkay Ercan <berkay.ercan@airties.com>
Signed-off-by: Veli Demirel <veli.demirel@airties.com>
When STA is performing roam from WPA3 AP to WPA2 AP, the STA was
including key mgmt FT-SAE instead of FT-PSK in FT Authentication request
RSNE when using driver-based SME. This is because the RSNE/MDE/FTE were
updated and forwarded to the driver using the NL80211_CMD_UPDATE_FT_IES
command before updating key mgmt properly. Because of this, the AP is
rejecting FT Authentication request with WLAN_REASON_UNSPECIFIED reason
code which is due to the invalid keymgmt in RSNE.
Fix this by reordering IE population to happen earlier in the sequence
so that the updated key mgmt information can be provided when using
NL80211_CMD_UPDATE_FT_IES.
Signed-off-by: Shiva Sankar Gajula <sgajula@codeaurora.org>
Add user configured vendor IEs for Probe Request frames to default scan
IEs so that these IEs will be included in the Probe Request frames for
the scans issued also by components other than wpa_supplicant.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
Android has a mechanism to extend the driver interface in vendor
specific ways. This implementation of the vendor interface is done in
$(BOARD_WPA_SUPPLICANT_PRIVATE_LIB). Extend this to allow the vendor
events to be provided to this library to facilitate the event
processing.
Introduce a new board configuration via
$(BOARD_WPA_SUPPLICANT_PRIVATE_LIB_EVENT) rather than reusing
$(BOARD_WPA_SUPPLICANT_PRIVATE_LIB) to enable this event handling in the
private library. This is to avoid compilation issues for
wpa_driver_nl80211_driver_event() with the already existing private
library implementations defined with
$(BOARD_WPA_SUPPLICANT_PRIVATE_LIB).
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
When an external scan is in progress on the same radio, delay the P2P
search operation based on configuration parameter p2p_search_delay. The
"search_delay" configuration done through p2p_find always takes
precedence over this delay value set due to an external scan trigger.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
Add a handler to notify failures to fetch the scan results and provide
an option to override default behavior of requesting a new scan in one
second in such an error condition. Use this new handler mechanism to
continue the p2p_find operation (by invoking p2p_scan_res_handled) for
an interim scenario where the p2p_scan attempt fails to get the scan
results from the driver which can happen, e.g., if there are parallel
updates to the cfg80211 scan results.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
If there is a disconnect command from wpa_supplicant immediately after
the driver sends a connection event to userspace but before that event
is received and processed by wpa_supplicant, wpa_supplicant processes
the disconnect command and a self-generated disconnected event first
followed by the connected event received from the driver. As a result
wpa_supplicant moves to the WPA_COMPLETED state. Whereas the driver
processes the disconnect command received from wpa_supplicant after it
sends the connected event and moves to the disconnected state. Due to
this race between the disconnect command from wpa_supplicant and the
connected event from the driver, wpa_supplicant is moving to the
connected state though the driver is moving to the disconnected state
which results in abnormal functionality.
Ignore the connection event coming from the driver when wpa_supplicant
is not trying to connect after a disconnect command is issued but before
the next connect command is issued to fix the above mentioned race
condition.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
Replace the implicit boolean checks that used int variables with use of
a more explicit bool variable type.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
Support possible band combinations of 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 6 GHz with
QCA_WLAN_VENDOR_ATTR_SETBAND_MASK attribute. Ensure backwards
compatibility with old drivers that are using
QCA_WLAN_VENDOR_ATTR_SETBAND_VALUE attribute and supporting only 2.4 GHz
and 5 GHz bands.
Signed-off-by: Veerendranath Jakkam <vjakkam@codeaurora.org>
This functionality was repeated for couple of times. Use a shared helper
function to avoid code duplication.
Signed-off-by: Veerendranath Jakkam <vjakkam@codeaurora.org>
When the driver sends a CQM RSSI threshold event, wpa_supplicant queries
the driver for the signal and noise values. However, it is possible that
by that time the station has already disconnected from the AP, so these
values are no longer valid. In this case, indicate that these values are
invalid by setting them to WPA_INVALID_NOISE.
Previously a value of 0 would be reported, which may be confusing as
this is a valid value.
Since nl80211_get_link_signal() and nl80211_get_link_noise() already set
invalid values for a case of failure, just use the value set by these
functions even if they fail.
Signed-off-by: Avraham Stern <avraham.stern@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrei Otcheretianski <andrei.otcheretianski@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Brian Norris <briannorris@chromium.org>
Add initial_freq_list to wpa_supplicant configuration. This option
allows wpa_supplicant to scan a smaller list of frequencies when it
starts. This in turn allows for a faster connection to an already known
network. This limit applies only for the initial scan operation and does
not restrict other channels from being used in consecutive scans.
Tests have shown this to reduce the amount of time for connecting to a
network from roughly 3 seconds to roughly 0.1 second.
Signed-off-by: Frederik Juul <frederik.juul@3shape.com>
The hostapd DFS code deinitializes and initializes the AP interface, if
a clean channel switch is not possible. In this case the AP code paths
would deinit the driver, for example nl80211, without wpa_supplicant
code paths getting notice of this.
Therefore add callbacks for wpa_supplicant mesh methods, which are
called on init/deinit of the AP BSS. These callbacks are then used to
handle the reset in the mesh code.
Signed-off-by: Markus Theil <markus.theil@tu-ilmenau.de>
Send mesh group started notification after join completion
callback is called.
Implement outstanding TODO, to leave the mesh network on deinit.
Signed-off-by: Markus Theil <markus.theil@tu-ilmenau.de>
Only change freq params, if ifmsh->freq is set initially, which only
happens if hostapd_get_hw_features in setup_interface2 succeeds.
Signed-off-by: Markus Theil <markus.theil@tu-ilmenau.de>
The kernel requires indication of DFS handler residing in user space
(NL80211_ATTR_HANDLE_DFS) to enable DFS channels.
Signed-off-by: Peter Oh <peter.oh@bowerswilkins.com>
Mesh interface would have used its channel parameters that were
configured during initialization even after channel switch due to DFS
radar detection during CAC which could result in a channel switch error.
Fix the error by updating the channel parameters when channel has been
changed from the initial one.
Signed-off-by: Peter Oh <peter.oh@bowerswilkins.com>
ssid->frequency is one of the variables used to get the channel number
from a given frequency. Leaving it as unchanged when pri/sec channel
switch will cause picking up a wrong channel number after applying the
secondary channel offset for HT40 and leads to failing interface
bring-up.
Signed-off-by: Peter Oh <peter.oh@bowerswilkins.com>
Mesh join function is the last function to be called during mesh join
process, but it's been called a bit earlier than it's supposed to be, so
that some mesh parameter values such as VHT capabilities were not
applied correct when mesh join is in process. Moreover, the current
design of mesh join that is called directly after mesh initialization
isn't suitable for DFS channels to use, since mesh join process should
be paused until DFS CAC is done and resumed after it's done.
The callback will be called by hostapd_setup_interface_complete_sync().
There is a possibility that completing mesh init fails, so add error
handling codes for that.
Signed-off-by: Peter Oh <peter.oh@bowerswilkins.com>
If the maximum operating channel width for AP/P2P GO is not specified,
it is auto-selected during configuration. While selecting the channel
width, if VHT is supported and 160 MHz channels are available, 160 MHz
channel width is preferred to 80 MHz.
During the selection of the channel width, the corresponding driver
capabilities were not checked. As a result, the AP/P2P GO configuration
was set to use the available 160 MHz channels even if the driver did not
have capability to support the 160 MHz channel width causing failure to
start the AP/P2P GO.
Fix this by checking the driver support for the 160 MHz channel width
while selecting the channel width for AP/P2P GO.
Signed-off-by: Sreeramya Soratkal <ssramya@codeaurora.org>
Store information on whether extra ANQP elements were received using the
protection alternative (protected GAS during an association using PMF)
and make this available through the control interface BSS command.
For example:
anqp[277]=<hexdump>
protected-anqp-info[277]=1
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
Replace the previously used design "(u8 *) (bss + 1)" with a variable
length array at the end of struct wpa_bss bss->ies[] in hopes of making
this easier to understand for static analyzers.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
This makes it easier to change the internal struct wpa_bss design for
storing the variable length IE buffers.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
This removes need from the callers to know the struct wpa_bss details
for the location of the memory area for storing the IEs.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
Use NL80211_ATTR_SAE_PWE attribute to indicate the sae_pwe value
to the driver during the NL80211_CMD_START_AP and NL80211_CMD_CONNECT
in WPA3-Personal networks which are using SAE authentication.
Signed-off-by: Rohan Dutta <drohan@codeaurora.org>
Previously, the configuration to disable the 6 GHz band remained local
to the P2P interface. With this there is a possibility of 6 GHz channels
being included in the channel list when the channel list needs to be
updated if the state changes on one of the interfaces.
Include the configuration to disable the 6 GHz band for P2P as a global
configuration value to prevent the inclusion of 6 GHz channels in the
channel list for P2P when the channel list needs to be updated during
the state change in one of the interfaces.
Signed-off-by: Sreeramya Soratkal <ssramya@codeaurora.org>
Add support to report a vendor specific connect fail reason code fetched
from the driver to users by adding the reason code to the event
CTRL-EVENT-ASSOC-REJECT. Fetch the connect fail reason code when the
driver sends a failure connection result and append the reason code, if
available, to assoc reject event.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
The newer kernel versions enforce strict netlink attribute policy
validation and will cause cfg80211 to reject vendor commands with
NL80211_ATTR_VENDOR_DATA if NLA_F_NESTED attribute is not set but
if the vendor command is expecting nested data within
NL80211_ATTR_VENDOR_DATA attribute.
Most of the earlier instances were addressed by adding NLA_F_NESTED
flag in nla_nest_start(). This commit addresses the remaining
instance in which NL80211_ATTR_VENDOR_DATA is populated using data
set by user through the control interface.
Enhance the control interface VENDOR command to indicate whether the
vendor subcommand uses nested attributes within NL80211_ATTR_VENDOR_DATA
attribute or not.
Set NLA_F_NESTED flag for existing QCA vendor commands which use nested
attributes within the NL80211_ATTR_VENDOR_DATA attributes so that the
old frameworks implementations for already existing commands work
without any issues.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
Use the common IE parsing routine in hope of trying to make the length
checks easier for static analyzers. In addition, try to make the
*_vendor_ie_multi() cases easier to analyze as well even though they
cannot use for_each_element_id().
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
Report failures at lower layer to the upper layer D-Bus handling of
socket registration to allow failures to be addressed more cleanly.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
Use the common IE parsing routine in hope of trying to make the length
checks easier for static analyzers.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
This extends the changes in commit 0570a3ea7d ("HS 2.0: Clarify OSU
Provider list length validation") to cover the length field for the OSU
Friendly Name value to try to get this easier for static analyzers to
understand.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
Commit e8b85c078e ("iface match: Unspecified matched interfaces should
not log driver fails") removed the only use of the added interface wpa_s
pointer, but left that pointer setting in place. Remove it to keep
static analyzers happy.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
Add support for missing 6 GHz operating classes as defined in
IEEE P802.11ax/D7.0.
This is needed to avoid OCV failures on the 6 GHz band when the channel
width is larger than 20 MHz.
Signed-off-by: Veerendranath Jakkam <vjakkam@codeaurora.org>
Consider the BSS entry that is pending for the P2P group join operation
also as a known network along with the existing configured networks.
This prevents removal of the BSS entry that is still in the process of
P2P join operation from the BSS table when the number of entries exceed
bss_max_count.
Signed-off-by: Sreeramya Soratkal <ssramya@codeaurora.org>
The dynamically created P2P group interface did not consider the
channels that can be used by the P2P client during the P2P group
formation. Copy the p2p_add_cli_chan parameter while cloning the
configuration to the P2P group interface. This allows the dynamically
created group interface case to form the group in the specific
client-only channels when the device is a P2P client in the group.
Signed-off-by: Sreeramya Soratkal <ssramya@codeaurora.org>
pos can't be NULL in wpa_global_config_parse_str(), so there is no point
checking this, especially when pos was already dereferenced earlier.
Remove the redundant conditions.
Signed-off-by: Andrei Otcheretianski <andrei.otcheretianski@intel.com>
Don't print potentially uninitialized variables in wpa_ctrl_command_bss().
Some compilers and analyzers may warn about it.
Signed-off-by: Andrei Otcheretianski <andrei.otcheretianski@intel.com>
Fix compilation without CONFIG_P2P and only set secondary channel seg
idx if we use a mode supporting a sec channel for VHT/HE.
Signed-off-by: Markus Theil <markus.theil@tu-ilmenau.de>
Fix pointer sent for decapsulating subelements from MSCS descriptor
IE while processing (re)association response frames.
Fixes: af8ab3208d ("MSCS: Parse result of MSCS setup in (Re)Association Response frames")
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
Enable VHT and HE as default config parameters in order for
wpa_supplicant AP mode to use it, if hw support is given.
Signed-off-by: Markus Theil <markus.theil@tu-ilmenau.de>
Add some missing pieces to the interface configuration of AP/mesh mode
in wpa_supplicant.
- check for secondary channel and HT40 capability
- try to downgrade to IEEE 802.11b if 802.11g is not available
Especially with the HT40 check, this code now performs all settings,
which the deleted/duplicated mesh code did.
Signed-off-by: Markus Theil <markus.theil@tu-ilmenau.de>
wpa_supplicant_conf_ap_ht() has to happen before
hostapd_setup_interface() in order for its configuration settings to
have effect on interface configuration.
Disable primary and secondary channel switch because of missing tie
breaking rule/frames in mesh networks. A rather long comment about
this issue is placed in mesh.c in the corresponding place.
I was not able to reproduce the memory corruption during
mesh_secure_ocv_mix_legacy, which lead to a revert of a similar patch in
the past.
Signed-off-by: Markus Theil <markus.theil@tu-ilmenau.de>
Some places in the code base were not using the wrappers like
hostapd_set_oper_centr_freq_seg0_idx and friends. This could lead to
errors, for example when joining 80 MHz mesh networks. Fix this, by
enforcing usage of these wrappers.
wpa_supplicant_conf_ap_ht() now checks for HE capability before dealing
with VHT in order for these wrappers to work, as they first check HE
support in the config.
While doing these changes, I've noticed that the extra channel setup
code for mesh networks in wpa_supplicant/mesh.c should not be necessary
anymore and dropped it. wpa_supplicant_conf_ap_ht() should handle this
setup already.
Acked-by: John Crispin <john@phrozen.org>
Signed-off-by: Markus Theil <markus.theil@tu-ilmenau.de>
Use ppKey instead of C-sign-key to encrypted E-id to E'-id into Reconfig
Announcement frame on the Enrollee side.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
Store the received privacy protection key from Connector into
wpa_supplicant network profile and indicate it through the control
interface similarly to C-sign-key.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
Add the DPP control interface chirp commands to the CLIs for greater
visibility and ease of use.
Signed-off-by: Wystan Schmidt <wystan.schmidt@charter.com>
We found that if REMOVE-AND-REFORM occurs before a group is started,
it would not send out GROUP-STARTED-EVENT after AP is enabled.
In the remove-and-reform process, ap_configured_cb is cleared. If a
group is not started, p2p_go_configured() will not be called after
completing AP setup. Fix this by preserving the callback parameters.
Signed-off-by: Jimmy Chen <jimmycmchen@google.com>
We found a problem that p2p_fallback_to_go_neg is not handled correctly
after running out of GO scan attempts. When autojoin is enabled and a
group is found in old scan results, supplicant would try to scan the
group several times. If the group is still not found, it reports group
formation failure while p2p_fallback_to_go_neg is enabled already.
If p2p_fallback_to_go_neg is enabled, it should fallback to GO
negotiation, but not report group formation failure after running out of
GO scan attempts.
Signed-off-by: Jimmy Chen <jimmycmchen@google.com>
Now that we no longer leave build artifacts outside the build folder, we
can clean up the gitignore a bit. Also move more things to per-folder
files that we mostly had already anyway.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Berg <johannes.berg@intel.com>
The D-Bus implementation of RemoveAllNetworks differs wildly from the
CLI implementation. Let's share the implementations.
This resolves use-after-free bugs I noticed, where we continue to use
the 'wpa_s->current_ssid' wpa_ssid object after freeing it, because we
didn't bother to disconnect from (and set to NULL) current_ssid before
freeing it.
Signed-off-by: Brian Norris <briannorris@chromium.org>
When using NetworkManager to set up an access point, there seems to be a
race condition which can lead to a new log message every second.
The following message appears in AP mode:
CTRL-EVENT-SCAN-FAILED ret=-95 retry=1
Normally, this log message only appears once. But then (and only then)
the race is triggered and they appear every second, the following log
messages are also present:
Reject scan trigger since one is already pending
Failed to initiate AP scan
This patch just disables the retry for requests where the operation is
not supported anyway.
Signed-off-by: Georg Müller <georgmueller@gmx.net>
Otherwise the WPA_IF_P2P_DEVICE cannot be created if the base ifname is
long enough. As this is not a netdev device, it is acceptable if the
name is not completely unique. As such, simply insert a NUL byte at the
appropriate place.
Signed-off-by: Benjamin Berg <bberg@redhat.com>
wpa_drv_set_key() was called with a NULL address for IGTK and MGTK
before this patch. The nl80211 driver will then not add the
NL80211_KEY_DEFAULT_TYPE_MULTICAST flag for the key, which wrongly marks
this key also as a default unicast key in the Linux kernel.
With SAE this is no real problem in practice, as a pairwise key will be
negotiated in mesh mode, before the first data frame gets send. When
using IEEE 802.1X in a mesh network in the future, this gets a problem,
as Linux now will encrypt EAPOL frames with the default key, which is
also marked for unicast usage without this patch.
Signed-off-by: Markus Theil <markus.theil@tu-ilmenau.de>
Add D-Bus interface for ROAM command, imitating the existing wpa_cli
command.
Chromium OS has been carrying a form of this patch for a very long time.
I've cleaned it up a bit and documented it.
Signed-off-by: Brian Norris <briannorris@chromium.org>
The 'H' in HESSID was originally spelled "homogenous" in IEEE Std
802.11-2016 abbreviations and acronyms list, but that was changed in
REVmd to the significantly more common spelling "homonegeneous". Update
this older version to match the new spelling to be consistent throughout
the repository.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
If the stored configurations for an SSID have changed, we can no longer
trust the current blacklist state of that SSID, since the updated
configs could change the behavior of the network. E.g., the BSS could be
blacklisted due to a bad password, and the config could be updated to
store the correct password. In this case, keeping the BSS in the
blacklist will prevent the user from connecting to the BSS after the
correct password has been updated.
Add the value was_changed_recently to the wpa_ssid struct. Update this
value every time a config is changed through wpa_set_config(). Check
this value in wpa_blacklist_get() to clear the blacklist whenever the
configs of current_ssid have changed.
This solution was chosen over simply clearing the blacklist whenever
configs change because the user should be able to change configs on an
inactive SSID without affecting the blacklist for the currently active
SSID. This way, the blacklist won't be cleared until the user attempts
to connect to the inactive network again. Furthermore, the blacklist is
stored per-BSSID while configs are stored per-SSID, so we don't have the
option to just clear out certain blacklist entries that would be
affected by the configs.
Finally, the function wpa_supplicant_reload_configuration() causes the
configs to be reloaded from scratch, so after a call to this function
all bets are off as to the relevance of our current blacklist state.
Thus, we clear the entire blacklist within this function.
Signed-off-by: Kevin Lund <kglund@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Brian Norris <briannorris@chromium.org>
This change adds some barebones tests for new blacklisting functionality
to wpas_module_tests.c. The tests ensure some basic functionality for
the functions wpa_blacklist_is_blacklisted() and wpa_blacklist_update().
Signed-off-by: Kevin Lund <kglund@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Brian Norris <briannorris@chromium.org>
This change adds the function wpa_blacklist_update(), which goes through
all blacklist entries and deletes them if their blacklist expired over
an hour ago. The purpose of this is to remove stale entries from the
blacklist which likely do not reflect the current condition of device's
network surroundings. This function is called whenever the blacklist is
polled, meaning that the caller always gets an up-to-date reflection of
the blacklist.
Another solution to clearing the blacklist that was considered was
to slowly reduce the counts of blacklist entries over time, and delete
them if the counts dropped below 0. We decided to go with the current
solution instead because an AP's "problematic" status is really a binary
thing: either the AP is no longer problematic, or it's still causing us
problems. So if we see any more problems within a reasonable amount of
time, it makes sense to just keep the blacklist where it was since the
AP is likely still undergoing the same issue. If we go a significant
amount of time (semi-arbitrarily chosen as 1 hour) without any issues
with an AP, it's reasonable to behave as if the AP is no longer
undergoing the same issue. If we see more problems at a later time, we
can start the blacklisting process fresh again, treating this as a brand
new issue.
Signed-off-by: Kevin Lund <kglund@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Brian Norris <briannorris@chromium.org>
wpa_supplicant keeps a blacklist of BSSs in order to prevent repeated
associations to problematic APs*. Currently, this blacklist is
completely cleared whenever we successfully connect to any AP. This
causes problematic behavior when in the presence of both a bad AP and
a good AP. The device can repeatedly attempt to roam to the bad AP
because it is clearing the blacklist every time it connects to the good
AP. This results in the connection constantly ping-ponging between the
APs, leaving the user stuck without connection.
Instead of clearing the blacklist, implement timeout functionality which
allows association attempts to blacklisted APs after some time has
passed. Each time a BSS would be added to the blacklist, increase the
duration of this timeout exponentially, up to a cap of 1800 seconds.
This means that the device will no longer be able to immediately attempt
to roam back to a bad AP whenever it successfully connects to any other
AP.
Other details:
The algorithm for building up the blacklist count and timeout duration
on a given AP has been designed to be minimally obtrusive. Starting with
a fresh blacklist, the device may attempt to connect to a problematic AP
no more than 6 times in any ~45 minute period. Once an AP has reached a
blacklist count >= 6, the device may attempt to connect to it no more
than once every 30 minutes. The goal of these limits is to find an
ideal balance between minimizing connection attempts to bad APs while
still trying them out occasionally to see if the problems have stopped.
The only exception to the above limits is that the blacklist is still
completely cleared whenever there are no APs available in a scan. This
means that if all nearby APs have been blacklisted, all APs will be
completely exonerated regardless of their blacklist counts or how close
their blacklist entries are to expiring. When all nearby APs have been
blacklisted we know that every nearby AP is in some way problematic.
Once we know that every AP is causing problems, it doesn't really make
sense to sort them beyond that because the blacklist count and timeout
duration don't necessarily reflect the degree to which an AP is
problematic (i.e. they can be manipulated by external factors such as
the user physically moving around). Instead, its best to restart the
blacklist and let the normal roaming algorithm take over to maximize
our chance of getting the best possible connection quality.
As stated above, the time-based blacklisting algorithm is designed to
be minimally obtrusive to user experience, so occasionally restarting
the process is not too impactful on the user.
*problematic AP: rejects new clients, frequently de-auths clients, very
poor connection quality, etc.
Signed-off-by: Kevin Lund <kglund@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Brian Norris <briannorris@chromium.org>
Within wpas_connection_failed(), the 'count' value of wpa_blacklist is
erroneously used as a tally of the number times the device has failed
to associate to a given BSSID without making a successful connection.
This is not accurate because there are a variety of ways a BSS can be
added to the blacklist beyond failed association such as interference
or deauthentication. This 'count' is lost whenever the blacklist is
cleared, so the wpa_supplicant stores an additional value
'extra_blacklist_count' which helps persist the 'count' through clears.
These count values are used to determine how long to wait to rescan
after a failed connection attempt.
While this logic was already slightly wrong, it would have been
completely broken by the upcoming change which adds time-based
blacklisting functionality. With the upcoming change, 'count' values
are not cleared on association, and thus do not necessarily even
approximate the "consecutive connection failures" which they were being
used for.
This change seeks to remove this unnecessary overloading of the
blacklist 'count' by directly tracking consecutive connection failures
within the wpa_supplicant struct, independent of the blacklist. This new
'consecutive_conn_failures' is iterated with every connection failure
and cleared when any successful connection is made. This change also
removes the now unused 'extra_blacklist_count' value.
Signed-off-by: Kevin Lund <kglund@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Brian Norris <briannorris@chromium.org>
commit f4e3860f ("Fix AP mode default TXOP Limit values for AC_VI
and AC_VO") corrects the default values of txop_limit from 93/46
to 94/47 for AP. STA would also need the same change.
Signed-off-by: Yogesh Kulkarni <yogesh.kulkarni@nxp.com>
Signed-off-by: Cathy Luo <xiaohua.luo@nxp.com>
Signed-off-by: Ganapathi Bhat <ganapathi.bhat@nxp.com>
These are no longer needed now. Note that this was never actually
sufficient since src/drivers/ isn't the only thing shared, and thus a
cross-build detection didn't work in all cases.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Berg <johannes.berg@intel.com>
If the .config file changes, basically everything needs to be
rebuilt since we don't try to detect which symbols changed or
such. Now that the .config file handling is in the common
build system, make everything depend on it if there's one.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Berg <johannes.berg@intel.com>
Instead of building in the source tree, put most object
files into the build/ folder at the root, and put each
thing that's being built into a separate folder.
This then allows us to build hostapd and wpa_supplicant
(or other combinations) without "make clean" inbetween.
For the tests keep the objects in place for now (and to
do that, add the build rule) so that we don't have to
rewrite all of that with $(call BUILDOBJS,...) which is
just noise there.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Berg <johannes.berg@intel.com>
This will make it easier to split out the handling in
a proper way, and handle common cflags/dependencies.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Berg <johannes.berg@intel.com>
Clean up in a more common fashion as well, initially for ../src/.
Also add $(Q) to the clean target in src/
Signed-off-by: Johannes Berg <johannes.berg@intel.com>
Some things are used by most of the binaries, pull them
into a common rule fragment that we can use properly.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Berg <johannes.berg@intel.com>
If there is no matching interface given, but interface matching is
enabled, all interfaces on the system will try to be initialized. Non
wireless interfaces will fail and the loopback device will be one of
these, so just log a diagnostic rather than an error.
Signed-off-by: Roy Marples <roy@marples.name>
Instead, log a diagnostic so that noise to the user is reduced. This is
expected behavior with driver interfaces that do not report supported
operating modes/classes.
Signed-off-by: Roy Marples <roy@marples.name>
This is needed for clearing previously set parameters in a similar
manner that was already available through the control interface
SET_NETWORK command.
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wang <matthewmwang@chromium.org>
Teach wpa_supplicant to {de,}initialize bgscans when bgscan parameters
are set after initial connection.
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wang <matthewmwang@chromium.org>
Currently, wpa_config_set(), the function that sets wpa_supplicant
per-network properties, returns 1 when a property it attempts to set is
unchanged. Its global parallel, wpa_config_process_global(), doesn't do
this even though much of the code is very similar. Change this, and
several of the parser functions, to resemble the per-network parser and
setter functions.
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wang <matthewmwang@chromium.org>
When network properties are updated via dbus, wpa_config_set() is used
to update the property in the wpa_ssid struct. If it returns 1, the
property was not changed and there's no need to perform any of the
update actions.
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wang <matthewmwang@chromium.org>
D-Bus clients can call CreateInterface() once and use the resulting
Interface object to connect multiple times to different networks.
However, if the network interface gets added to a bridge, clients
currently have to remove the Interface object and create a new one.
Improve this by supporting the change of the BridgeIfname property of
an existing Interface object.
Signed-off-by: Beniamino Galvani <bgalvani@redhat.com>
Add a new configuration parameter p2p_6ghz_disable=1 to disable P2P
operation in the 6 GHz band. This avoids additional delays caused by
scanning 6 GHz channels in p2p_find and p2p_join operations in the cases
where user doesn't want P2P connection in the 6 GHz band.
Signed-off-by: Sreeramya Soratkal <ssramya@codeaurora.org>
Generate a control interface event upon receipt of DPP Presence
Announcement frames. This allows external programs to instrument
wpa_supplicant with bootstrapping information on-demand.
Signed-off-by: Andrew Beltrano <anbeltra@microsoft.com>
ignore_broadcast_ssid is supported when using with the config
file. But it generates an error if you try to set it via the
DBus interface.
Signed-off-by: Yegor Yefremov <yegorslists@googlemail.com>
Check if the 2.4 GHz channel 6 is in the list of available channels
advertised by the driver before adding in to the chirping frequency
list. This fixes issues, e.g., with a 5 GHz only interface.
Signed-off-by: Disha Das <dishad@codeaurora.org>
The per-interface P2P data freeing function did not cover this eloop
timeout that could potentially have been registered. Explicitly cancel
this timeout to make sure no references to freed memory can remain in
such a case.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
wpa_supplicant_remove_iface() removes the P2P management interface from
the global interfaces list before calling wpa_supplicant_deinit_iface().
When wpas_p2p_group_remove() is called from
wpa_supplicant_deinit_iface(), the P2P group created on the calling
wpa_s was not getting cleared as the calling wpa_s is not in the list of
global->ifaces. This results in the P2P management interface being
removed without disconnecting the p2p_group created on it. This could
result in an illegal access of freed memory, e.g., when a pending eloop
task wpas_p2p_reconsider_moving_go() was triggered with the leftover ctx
pointer to the removed P2P interface instance.
Fix this by disconnecting the P2P group created on interface to be
deinitialized before deinitializing the interface.
Signed-off-by: Veerendranath Jakkam <vjakkam@codeaurora.org>
With the configuration defined in the global_op_class array, the
channels starting from 149 in the operating classes 128 and 130 were not
considered for P2P channel setup due to the non-continuous
incrementation of channel indexes. The other channels in these operating
classes were considered. Handle the channels from 149 to 161 in the
operating classes 128 and 130 for P2P channel setup by handling this
jump in the channel number incrementation.
Signed-off-by: Sreeramya Soratkal <ssramya@codeaurora.org>
Previously this fallback from PFS enabled to disabled (and back to
enabled) was used only if the local network profile used key_mgmt=DPP,
i.e., did not enable another other AKM. That leaves out some valid cases
since the local network profile could actually enable both DPP and SAE.
Extend this check to accept cases DPP AKM is enabled and it was selected
for the connection even if there other enabled AKMs.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
