Using binutils >= 2.24.x and setting
CONFIG_WPA_TRACE/CONFIG_WPA_TRACE_BDF causes both builds to fail with
"#error config.h must be included before this header" message.
Since version 2.24.x, the bfd header checks for PACKAGE and
PACKAGE_VERSION macros.
As suggested in http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=14243
projects that use bfd and don't use autotools should define a PACKAGE
macro.
Signed-off-by: Roger Zanoni <roger.zanoni@openbossa.org>
This new mechanism allows P2P Client to request an IPv4 address from the
GO as part of the 4-way handshake to avoid use of DHCP exchange after
4-way handshake. If the new mechanism is used, the assigned IP address
is shown in the P2P-GROUP-STARTED event on the client side with
following new parameters: ip_addr, ip_mask, go_ip_addr. The assigned IP
address is included in the AP-STA-CONNECTED event on the GO side as a
new ip_addr parameter. The IP address is valid for the duration of the
association.
The IP address pool for this new mechanism is configured as global
wpa_supplicant configuration file parameters ip_addr_go, ip_addr_mask,
ip_addr_star, ip_addr_end. For example:
ip_addr_go=192.168.42.1
ip_addr_mask=255.255.255.0
ip_addr_start=192.168.42.2
ip_addr_end=192.168.42.100
DHCP mechanism is expected to be enabled at the same time to support P2P
Devices that do not use the new mechanism. The easiest way of managing
the IP addresses is by splitting the IP address range into two parts and
assign a separate range for wpa_supplicant and DHCP server.
Signed-hostap: Jouni Malinen <jouni@qca.qualcomm.com>
This makes it easier to enable various testing parameters and
functionality in build configuration.
Signed-hostap: Jouni Malinen <jouni@qca.qualcomm.com>
In addition, update build rules to compile object files in the same
directory as the source code file if CONFIG_CODE_COVERAGE=y is set to
make lcov find the source code files.
Signed-hostap: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
Relative time shouldn't be calculated based on gettimeofday
because that clock can jump (e.g., when the time is adjusted
by the system administrator.)
On systems where that is available, use CLOCK_BOOTTIME (on
fairly recent Linux systems, this clock takes into account
the time spend suspended) or CLOCK_MONOTONIC (on Linux and
some POSIX systems, this clock is just freely running with
no adjustments.)
Reported-by: Holger Schurig <holgerschurig@gmail.com>
Signed-hostap: Johannes Berg <johannes.berg@intel.com>
In order to support P2P GO with 11ac support, add CONFIG_IEEE80211AC
config option support to the Makefile.
Signed-hostap: Eliad Peller <eliadx.peller@intel.com>
Add DFS structures/events handlers, CAC handling, and radar detection.
By default, after radar is detected or the channel became unavailable, a
random channel will be chosen.
This patches are based on the original work by Boris Presman and
Victor Goldenshtein. Most of the DFS code is moved to a new dfs.c/dfs.h
files.
Cc: Boris Presman <boris.presman@ti.com>
Cc: Victor Goldenshtein <victorg@ti.com>
Signed-hostap: Simon Wunderlich <siwu@hrz.tu-chemnitz.de>
Signed-hostap: Janusz Dziedzic <janusz.dziedzic@tieto.com>
There is not much use for enabling WPA without WPA2 nowadays since most
networks have been upgraded to WPA2. Furthermore, the code size savings
from disabling just WPA2 are pretty small, so there is not much
justification for maintaining this build option. Remove it to get rid of
undesired complexity.
Signed-hostap: Jouni Malinen <jouni@qca.qualcomm.com>
Add support for VHT capability overrides to allow testing connections
with a subset of the VHT capabilities that are actually supported by
the device. The only thing that isn't currently supported (by mac80211
and this code) is the RX/TX highest rate field.
Signed-hostap: Johannes Berg <johannes.berg@intel.com>
In addition to the offload mechanism, the Android configuration and
makefiles are extended to allow this to be configured for the build by
dropping in platform specific configuration files and makefile without
having to modify any existing files.
Signed-hostap: Jouni Malinen <jouni@qca.qualcomm.com>
This allows FFC groups to be used with SAE. Though, these groups are not
included in the default sae_groups value based on what is available
since the FFC groups have the additional requirement of using a safe
prime with the current implementation (or specification of the group
order).
Signed-hostap: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
Replace CONFIG_IEEE80211V with CONFIG_WNM to get more consistent build
options for WNM-Sleep Mode operations. Previously it was possible to
define CONFIG_IEEE80211V without CONFIG_WNM which would break the build.
In addition, IEEE 802.11v has been merged into IEEE Std 802.11-2012 and
WNM is a better term to use for this new functionality anyway.
Signed-hostap: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
This code was within ifdef CONFIG_AP and did not get included unless
AP mode support was also enabled.
Signed-hostap: Jouni Malinen <jouni@qca.qualcomm.com>
Commit ee431d77a5 broke wpa_supplicant
compilation:
../src/ap/ieee802_1x.o: In function `ieee802_1x_get_eap_user':
/../src/ap/ieee802_1x.c:1689: undefined reference to `hostapd_get_eap_user'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
make: *** [wpa_supplicant] Error 1
Signed-off-by: Vladimir Kondratiev <qca_vkondrat@qca.qualcomm.com>
The UFD (USB flash drive) configuration method was deprecated in WSC
2.0. Since this is not known to be used, remove the UFD implementation
from hostapd and wpa_supplicant to allow the WPS implementation to be
cleaned up. This removes the now unused OOB operations and ctrl_iface
commands that had already been deprecated by the new NFC operations.
Signed-hostap: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
The old WPS interface for using NFC has no known deployments and even
the binary libraries referenced here are not easily available anymore.
Since the new interface for using NFC with WPS covers the same
functionality, remove the old implementation to clean up WPS
implementation.
Signed-hostap: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
This introduces new AKM for SAE and FT-SAE and adds the initial parts
for going through the SAE Authentication frame exchange. The actual SAE
algorithm and new fields in Authentication frames are not yet included
in this commit and will be added separately. This version is able to
complete a dummy authentication with the correct authentication
algorithm and transaction values to allow cfg80211/mac80211 drivers to
be tested (all the missing parts can be handled with
hostapd/wpa_supplicant changes).
Signed-hostap: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
This commit adds control interface commands and internal storage of
Wi-Fi Display related configuration. In addition, WFD IE is now added
to various P2P frames, Probe Request/Response, and (Re)Association
Request/Response frames. WFD subelements from peers are stored in the
P2P peer table.
Following control interface commands are now available:
SET wifi_display <0/1>
GET wifi_display
WFD_SUBELEM_SET <subelem> [hexdump of length+body]
WFD_SUBELEM_GET <subelem>
Signed-hostap: Jouni Malinen <jouni@qca.qualcomm.com>
This EAP type uses a vendor specific expanded EAP header to encapsulate
EAP-TLS with a configuration where the EAP server does not authenticate
the EAP peer. In other words, this method includes only server
authentication. The peer is configured with only the ca_cert parameter
(similarly to other TLS-based EAP methods). This method can be used for
cases where the network provides free access to anyone, but use of RSN
with a securely derived unique PMK for each station is desired.
The expanded EAP header uses the hostapd/wpa_supplicant vendor
code 39068 and vendor type 1 to identify the UNAUTH-TLS method.
Signed-hostap: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
Commit c9e08af24f removed the only user of
the special case MD5 use that would be allowed in FIPS mode in
tls_prf_sha1_md5(). Commit 271dbf1594
removed the file from the build, but left the implementation into the
repository. To clean things up even further, remove this functionality
completely since it is not expected to be needed for FIPS mode anymore.
Signed-hostap: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
When CONFIG_FIPS=y is used, do not include MD5 in the build and disable
EAPOL-Key frames that use MD5 (WPA/TKIP and dynamic WEP with IEEE
802.1X).
Signed-hostap: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
Only allow the TLS library keying material exporter functionality to be
used for MSK derivation with TLS-based EAP methods to avoid exporting
internal TLS keys from the library.
Signed-hostap: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
OpenSSL-based builds may need libdl in the linker line after the OpenSSL
library. CONFIG_TLS_ADD_DL=y can now be used to force that if needed.
Signed-hostap: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
This can be used for convenience to build wpa_supplicant with OpenSSL
FIPS object module. CONFIG_FIPS=y is expected to be used in
wpa_supplicant/.config when using this option.
Signed-hostap: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
Add new option for ctrl iface: CONFIG_CTRL_IFACE=udp-remote. This
enables remote access to control interface via UDP port(s). This should
be used for testing purpose only since there is no authentication or
access control on the commands.
Signed-hostap: Janusz Dziedzic <janusz.dziedzic@tieto.com>
This new mechanism can be used to make wpa_supplicant using external
storage (e.g., key store in the operating system) for passwords,
passphrases, and PSKs. This commit is only adding the framework part
needed to support this, i.e., no actual configuration parameter can
yet use this new mechanism. In addition, only a simple test backend
is added to allow developer testing of the functionality.
Signed-hostap: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
nfc_pw_token can be used to build random NFC password token for WPS.
This tool prints out the wpa_supplicant.conf (or hostapd.conf)
parameters and the hexdump of the WPS password token (with and without
NDEF encapsulation) so that it can be written to a NFC tag with an
external program.
Signed-hostap: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
This module will sets a fixed scanning interval. Thus, the parameter to
this module is following this format: <fixed interval>
Signed-hostap: Tomasz Bursztyka <tomasz.bursztyka@linux.intel.com>
This module will compute the interval on a base exponential. Thus,
params to this module are following this format: <base>:<limit>
Signed-hostap: Tomasz Bursztyka <tomasz.bursztyka@linux.intel.com>
Like bgscan, autoscan is an optional module based feature to automate
scanning but while disconnected or inactive.
Instead of requesting directly a scan, it only sets the scan_interval
and the sched_scan_interval. So, if the driver supports sched_scan,
autoscan will be able to tweak its interval. Otherwise, the tweaked
scan_interval will be used. If scan parameters needs to be tweaked, an
autoscan_params pointer in wpa_s will provide those. So req_scan /
req_sched_scan will not set the scan parameters as they usually do, but
instead will use this pointer.
Modules will not have to request a scan directly, like bgscan does.
Instead, it will need to return the interval it wants after each
notification.
Signed-hostap: Tomasz Bursztyka <tomasz.bursztyka@linux.intel.com>
If WNM is enabled for the build (CONFIG_WNM=y), add BSS max idle period
information to the (Re)Association Response frame from the AP and parse
this information on the station. For SME-in-wpa_supplicant case, add a
timer to handle periodic transmission of the keep-alive frame. The
actual request for the driver to transmit a frame is not yet
implemented.
Signed-hostap: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
Add the option (-T) to wpa_supplicant to log all debug messages into the
kernel tracing, allowing to aggregate kernel debugging with
wpa_supplicant debugging and recording all with trace-cmd.
Since tracing has relatively low overhead and can be filtered
afterwards, record all messages regardless of log level. However, it
will honor the -K option and not record key material by default.
Signed-hostap: Johannes Berg <johannes.berg@intel.com>
When using more than around 200 virtual stations, we start hitting the
max number of file descriptors supported by select(). This patch adds
support for poll(), which has no hard upper limit.
Signed-hostap: Ben Greear <greearb@candelatech.com>
This allows HT capabilities overrides on kernels that
support these features.
MCS Rates can be disabled to force to slower speeds when using HT.
Rates cannot be forced higher.
HT can be disabled, forcing an 802.11a/b/g/n station to act like
an 802.11a/b/g station.
HT40 can be disabled.
MAX A-MSDU can be disabled.
A-MPDU Factor and A-MPDU Density can be modified.
Please note that these are suggestions to the kernel. Only mac80211
drivers will work at all. The A-MPDU Factor can only be decreased and
the A-MPDU Density can only be increased currently.
Signed-hostap: Ben Greear <greearb@candelatech.com>
This changes the install target such that parent directories of
installed paths area created and each path is only installed
on a dependency basis.
Signed-off-by: Grant Erickson <marathon96@gmail.com>
Perforce does not like @ in the file name and since these template files
do not really need to have that in the name, make the files in
repository friendlier to Perforce. The generated *.service file will
maintain their old names.
Signed-hostap: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
This allows the internal TLS implementation to be built for TLS v1.2
support. In addition to the build option, this changes the TLS PRF
based on the negotiated version number. Though, this commit does not
yet complete support for TLS v1.2.
Signed-hostap: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
The source code compiles into different objects depending on
the contents of .config. Therefore, the objects should depend
on .config.
Previously, only the executables depended on .config. This meant
that they were re-linked when .config changed. But that relink
process used the old (and now wrong) objects.
This code has not been maintained for years and there is no plan on
doing so either in the future. The Qt4-based wpa_gui-qt4 version can be
used as a replacement for this older wpa_gui version.
Signed-hostap: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
This code was used only with driver_test.c to allow MLME operations
in hostapd to be tested without having to use a real radio. There
are no plans on extending this to any other use than testing and
mac80211_hwsim has now obsoled the need for this type of testing.
As such, we can drop this code from wpa_supplicant to clean up the
implementation of unnecessary complexity.
This is the first step in allowing SA Query mechanism in hostapd to be
used with drivers that implement authentication and association MLME/SME
(i.e., do not use ieee802_11.c).
Add mechanism for using GAS/ANQP to query Interworking related
information from APs. The received information is stored in the BSS
table and can be viewed with ctrl_iface BSS command.
New ctrl_iface command ANQP_GET can be used to fetch ANQP elements from
a specific AP. Additional commands FETCH_ANQP and STOP_FETCH_ANQP can be
used to initiate and stop an iteration through all APs in the BSS table
that indicate support Interworking to fetch ANQP elements from them.
The new wpa_supplicant.conf file global parameters interworking and
hessid can be used to configure wpa_supplicant to include
Interworking element in Probe Request frames.
This implements GAS request mechanism that is aimed at being used to
replace use case specific GAS/ANQP implementations in the future.
Compared to the earlier implementation in P2P SD, this implementation
includes support for multiple concurrent requests and more thorough
validation of frames against the pending query data.
GAS header processing, including comeback and reassembly, are handled
within gas_query.c and the users of this module will only need to
provide the Query Request and process the (possibly reassembled)
Query Response.
GAS/ANQP is a generic protocol and in no way specific to P2P, so move
routines used to build GAS/ANQP frames to a separate file that can be
shared for other uses than just P2P service discovery.
These protocols seem to be abandoned: latest IETF drafts have expired
years ago and it does not seem likely that EAP-TTLSv1 would be
deployed. The implementation in hostapd/wpa_supplicant was not complete
and not fully tested. In addition, the TLS/IA functionality was only
available when GnuTLS was used. Since GnuTLS removed this functionality
in 3.0.0, there is no available TLS/IA implementation in the latest
version of any supported TLS library.
Remove the EAP-TTLSv1 and TLS/IA implementation to clean up unwanted
complexity from hostapd and wpa_supplicant. In addition, this removes
any potential use of the GnuTLS extra library.
This is required for cross-compilation support on certain
platforms to avoid changing the pkg-config files themselves.
Signed-off-by: David James <davidjames@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul Stewart <pstew@chromium.org>
Need to define CONFIG_NO_PBKDF2 even though the crypto cleanup moved
the function to a separate file since there is conditional code in
wpa_supplicant/config.c. In addition, wpa_passphrase should not be
built at all if passphrase functionality is removed.
CONFIG_WPS_REG_DISABLE_OPEN=y can be used to configure wpa_supplicant
to disable open networks by default when wps_reg command is used to
learn the current AP settings. When this is enabled, there will be a
WPS-OPEN-NETWORK ctrl_iface event and the user will need to explicitly
enable the network (e.g., with "select_network <id>") to connect to
the open network.
By default, make hostapd and wpa_supplicant maintain an internal
entropy pool that is fed with following information:
hostapd:
- Probe Request frames (timing, RSSI)
- Association events (timing)
- SNonce from Supplicants
wpa_supplicant:
- Scan results (timing, signal/noise)
- Association events (timing)
The internal pool is used to augment the random numbers generated
with the OS mechanism (os_get_random()). While the internal
implementation is not expected to be very strong due to limited
amount of generic (non-platform specific) information to feed the
pool, this may strengthen key derivation on some devices that are
not configured to provide strong random numbers through
os_get_random() (e.g., /dev/urandom on Linux/BSD).
This new mechanism is not supposed to replace proper OS provided
random number generation mechanism. The OS mechanism needs to be
initialized properly (e.g., hw random number generator,
maintaining entropy pool over reboots, etc.) for any of the
security assumptions to hold.
If the os_get_random() is known to provide strong ramdom data (e.g., on
Linux/BSD, the board in question is known to have reliable source of
random data from /dev/urandom), the internal hostapd random pool can be
disabled. This will save some in binary size and CPU use. However, this
should only be considered for builds that are known to be used on
devices that meet the requirements described above. The internal pool
is disabled by adding CONFIG_NO_RANDOM_POOL=y to the .config file.
CONFIG_WPA_CLI_EDIT=y can now be used to build wpa_cli with internal
implementation of line editing and history support. This can be used
as a replacement for CONFIG_READLINE=y.
Instead of using a separate process to receive and print event
messages, use a single-process design with eloop to simply
wpa_cli and interaction with readline.
Instead of build time options (CONFIG_WPS_TESTING_EXTRA_CRED and
CONFIG_WPS_EXTENSIBILITY_TESTING), use a single build option
(CONFIG_WPS_TESTING) and runtime configuration of which testing
operations are enabled. This allows a single binary to be used
for various tests.
The runtime configuration can be done through control interface
with wpa_cli/hostapd_cli commands:
Enable extensibility tests:
set wps_version_number 0x57
Disable extensibility tests (WPS2 build):
set wps_version_number 0x20
Enable extra credential tests:
set wps_testing_dummy_cred 1
Disable extra credential tests:
set wps_testing_dummy_cred 0
If CONFIG_WPS_STRICT is set, validate WPS IE(s) in management frames and
reject the frames if any of the mandatory attributes is missing or if an
included attribute uses an invalid value. In addition, verify that all
mandatory attributes are included and have valid values in the WSC
messages.
The wpa_supplicant compilation with CONFIG_AP option and without
CONFIG_IEEE80211R, CONFIG_WPS, NEED_SME, CONFIG_CLIENT_MLME options
results in following messages.
../src/ap/drv_callbacks.o: In function `hostapd_notif_assoc':
../src/ap/drv_callbacks.c:59: undefined reference to
`ieee802_11_parse_elems'
gmake: *** [wpa_supplicant] Error 1
This allows external programs (e.g., UI) to get more information
about server certificate chain used during TLS handshake. This can
be used both to automatically probe the authentication server to
figure out most likely network configuration and to get information
about reasons for failed authentications.
The follow new control interface events are used for this:
CTRL-EVENT-EAP-PEER-CERT
CTRL-EVENT-EAP-TLS-CERT-ERROR
In addition, there is now an option for matching the server certificate
instead of the full certificate chain for cases where a trusted CA is
not configured or even known. This can be used, e.g., by first probing
the network and learning the server certificate hash based on the new
events and then adding a network configuration with the server
certificate hash after user have accepted it. Future connections will
then be allowed as long as the same server certificate is used.
Authentication server probing can be done, e.g., with following
configuration options:
eap=TTLS PEAP TLS
identity=""
ca_cert="probe://"
Example set of control events for this:
CTRL-EVENT-EAP-STARTED EAP authentication started
CTRL-EVENT-EAP-PROPOSED-METHOD vendor=0 method=21
CTRL-EVENT-EAP-METHOD EAP vendor 0 method 21 (TTLS) selected
CTRL-EVENT-EAP-PEER-CERT depth=0 subject='/C=US/ST=California/L=San Francisco/CN=Server/emailAddress=server@kir.nu' hash=5a1bc1296205e6fdbe3979728efe3920798885c1c4590b5f90f43222d239ca6a
CTRL-EVENT-EAP-TLS-CERT-ERROR reason=8 depth=0 subject='/C=US/ST=California/L=San Francisco/CN=Server/emailAddress=server@kir.nu' err='Server certificate chain probe'
CTRL-EVENT-EAP-FAILURE EAP authentication failed
Server certificate matching is configured with ca_cert, e.g.:
ca_cert="hash://server/sha256/5a1bc1296205e6fdbe3979728efe3920798885c1c4590b5f90f43222d239ca6a"
This functionality is currently available only with OpenSSL. Other
TLS libraries (including internal implementation) may be added in
the future.
Most of this file was already moved into wpa_supplicant/scan.c and
we can remove the file completely by having couple of small helper
functions copied to the remaining users outside core wpa_supplicant
code.
The XML used in D-Bus introspection is simple and there is no need to use
libxml2 to generate it. This gets rid of the dependency on the large
library by using internal XML generation.
This was mostly identical code that had been copied for the new D-Bus
API implementation and as such, should really have been shared from
the beginning. In addition, the copied code ended up generating
interesting stack traces since the actual D-Bus connection was being
shared even though the pointer to it was stored in two distinct
data structures. The old D-Bus code ended up dispatching some
D-Bus callbacks which ended up running the new D-Bus code.
Since the private context pointers were mostly identical, everything
seemed to more or less work, but this design was just making things
more complex and potentially very easy to break.
This will allow more cleanup to be done for scan results processing
since all code can now be made to depend on the BSS table instead of
the temporary scan results.
Once remaining code has been converted to use the BSS table, the new
scan results can be freed immediately after the BSS table has been
updated. In addition, filtering of BSS information should be added
to better support systems with limited resources. For now, memory
use can be limited by defining WPA_BSS_MAX_COUNT to be smaller.
Anyway, better filtering of results to only the configured networks
should be added to improve this.
Collect information from scan results into a BSS table that will not
expire information as quickly as scan results where every new scan,
no matter for how limited set of channels/SSIDs, clears all old
information.
For now, this is only used for D-Bus BSS added/removed notifications,
but this will likely be extended to be used internally instead of the
scan results to better support partial scans.
Doxygen and some build tools may get a bit confused about same file
name being used in different directories. Clean this up a bit by
renaming some of the duplicated file names in src/ap.
This code can be shared by both hostapd and wpa_supplicant and this
is an initial step in getting the generic code moved to be under the
src directories. Couple of generic files still remain under the
hostapd directory due to direct dependencies to files there. Once the
dependencies have been removed, they will also be moved to the src/ap
directory to allow wpa_supplicant to be built without requiring anything
from the hostapd directory.
It would be bettet to avoid including driver_i.h, i.e., direct driver
operation calls from hostapd components. This is an initial step in
that direction for WPS IE updates.
The D-Bus interface does not really have anything to do with the
wpa_supplicant ctrl_iface interface and as such, this prefix in
dbus files is both confusing and unnecessarily. Make the file names
shorter by removing this prefix.
WPA_TRACE=y builds will now verify that memory allocation in done
consistently using os_{zalloc,malloc,realloc,strdup,free} (i.e., no
mixing of os_* functions and unwrapper functions). In addition, some
common memory allocation issues (double-free, memory leaks, etc.) are
detected automatically.
WPA_TRACE=y can now be used to enable internal backtrace support that
will provide more details about implementation errors, e.g., when some
resources are not released correctly. In addition, this will print out
a backtrace automatically if SIGSEGV is received.
Instead of using the latest selected registrar change, collect selected
registrar information separately from all registrars and use the union
of this information when building the WPS IE for Beacon and Probe
Response frames.
Note: SetSelectedRegistrar UPnP action does not include a unique
identifier, so the ER matching routine is based only on the IP address
of the ER. In theory, there could be multiple ERs using the same IP
address (but different port or URL), so there may be some corner cases
that would not always match the correct ER entry at the AP. Anyway, this
is not really expected to occur in normal use cases and even if it did
happen, the selected registrar information is not any worse than it was
before when only the last change from any registrar for being
advertized.
The following defines are not really needed in most places, so
remove them to clean up source code and build scripts:
EAP_TLS_FUNCS
EAP_TLS_OPENSSL
EAP_TLS_GNUTLS
CONFIG_TLS_INTERNAL
In addition, start ordering header file includes to be in more
consistent order: system header files, src/utils, src/*, same
directory as the *.c file.
