/*
 * QRious v4.0.2
 * Copyright (C) 2017 Alasdair Mercer
 * Copyright (C) 2010 Tom Zerucha
 *
 * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 */
(function (global, factory) {
  typeof exports === 'object' && typeof module !== 'undefined' ? module.exports = factory() :
  typeof define === 'function' && define.amd ? define(factory) :
  (global.QRious = factory());
}(this, (function () { 'use strict';

  /*
   * Copyright (C) 2017 Alasdair Mercer, !ninja
   *
   * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
   * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
   * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
   * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
   * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
   * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
   *
   * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
   * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
   *
   * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
   * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
   * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
   * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
   * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
   * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
   * SOFTWARE.
   */

  /**
   * A bare-bones constructor for surrogate prototype swapping.
   *
   * @private
   * @constructor
   */
  var Constructor = /* istanbul ignore next */ function() {};
  /**
   * A reference to <code>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty</code>.
   *
   * @private
   * @type {Function}
   */
  var hasOwnProperty = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;
  /**
   * A reference to <code>Array.prototype.slice</code>.
   *
   * @private
   * @type {Function}
   */
  var slice = Array.prototype.slice;

  /**
   * Creates an object which inherits the given <code>prototype</code>.
   *
   * Optionally, the created object can be extended further with the specified <code>properties</code>.
   *
   * @param {Object} prototype - the prototype to be inherited by the created object
   * @param {Object} [properties] - the optional properties to be extended by the created object
   * @return {Object} The newly created object.
   * @private
   */
  function createObject(prototype, properties) {
    var result;
    /* istanbul ignore next */
    if (typeof Object.create === 'function') {
      result = Object.create(prototype);
    } else {
      Constructor.prototype = prototype;
      result = new Constructor();
      Constructor.prototype = null;
    }

    if (properties) {
      extendObject(true, result, properties);
    }

    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Extends the constructor to which this method is associated with the <code>prototype</code> and/or
   * <code>statics</code> provided.
   *
   * If <code>name</code> is provided, it will be used as the class name and can be accessed via a special
   * <code>class_</code> property on the child constructor, otherwise the class name of the super constructor will be used
   * instead. The class name may also be used string representation for instances of the child constructor (via
   * <code>toString</code>), but this is not applicable to the <i>lite</i> version of Nevis.
   *
   * If <code>constructor</code> is provided, it will be used as the constructor for the child, otherwise a simple
   * constructor which only calls the super constructor will be used instead.
   *
   * The super constructor can be accessed via a special <code>super_</code> property on the child constructor.
   *
   * @param {string} [name=this.class_] - the class name to be used for the child constructor
   * @param {Function} [constructor] - the constructor for the child
   * @param {Object} [prototype] - the prototype properties to be defined for the child
   * @param {Object} [statics] - the static properties to be defined for the child
   * @return {Function} The child <code>constructor</code> provided or the one created if none was given.
   * @public
   */
  function extend(name, constructor, prototype, statics) {
    var superConstructor = this;

    if (typeof name !== 'string') {
      statics = prototype;
      prototype = constructor;
      constructor = name;
      name = null;
    }

    if (typeof constructor !== 'function') {
      statics = prototype;
      prototype = constructor;
      constructor = function() {
        return superConstructor.apply(this, arguments);
      };
    }

    extendObject(false, constructor, superConstructor, statics);

    constructor.prototype = createObject(superConstructor.prototype, prototype);
    constructor.prototype.constructor = constructor;

    constructor.class_ = name || superConstructor.class_;
    constructor.super_ = superConstructor;

    return constructor;
  }

  /**
   * Extends the specified <code>target</code> object with the properties in each of the <code>sources</code> provided.
   *
   * if any source is <code>null</code> it will be ignored.
   *
   * @param {boolean} own - <code>true</code> to only copy <b>own</b> properties from <code>sources</code> onto
   * <code>target</code>; otherwise <code>false</code>
   * @param {Object} target - the target object which should be extended
   * @param {...Object} [sources] - the source objects whose properties are to be copied onto <code>target</code>
   * @return {void}
   * @private
   */
  function extendObject(own, target, sources) {
    sources = slice.call(arguments, 2);

    var property;
    var source;

    for (var i = 0, length = sources.length; i < length; i++) {
      source = sources[i];

      for (property in source) {
        if (!own || hasOwnProperty.call(source, property)) {
          target[property] = source[property];
        }
      }
    }
  }

  var extend_1 = extend;

  /**
   * The base class from which all others should extend.
   *
   * @public
   * @constructor
   */
  function Nevis() {}
  Nevis.class_ = 'Nevis';
  Nevis.super_ = Object;

  /**
   * Extends the constructor to which this method is associated with the <code>prototype</code> and/or
   * <code>statics</code> provided.
   *
   * If <code>name</code> is provided, it will be used as the class name and can be accessed via a special
   * <code>class_</code> property on the child constructor, otherwise the class name of the super constructor will be used
   * instead. The class name may also be used string representation for instances of the child constructor (via
   * <code>toString</code>), but this is not applicable to the <i>lite</i> version of Nevis.
   *
   * If <code>constructor</code> is provided, it will be used as the constructor for the child, otherwise a simple
   * constructor which only calls the super constructor will be used instead.
   *
   * The super constructor can be accessed via a special <code>super_</code> property on the child constructor.
   *
   * @param {string} [name=this.class_] - the class name to be used for the child constructor
   * @param {Function} [constructor] - the constructor for the child
   * @param {Object} [prototype] - the prototype properties to be defined for the child
   * @param {Object} [statics] - the static properties to be defined for the child
   * @return {Function} The child <code>constructor</code> provided or the one created if none was given.
   * @public
   * @static
   * @memberof Nevis
   */
  Nevis.extend = extend_1;

  var nevis = Nevis;

  var lite = nevis;

  /**
   * Responsible for rendering a QR code {@link Frame} on a specific type of element.
   *
   * A renderer may be dependant on the rendering of another element, so the ordering of their execution is important.
   *
   * The rendering of a element can be deferred by disabling the renderer initially, however, any attempt get the element
   * from the renderer will result in it being immediately enabled and the element being rendered.
   *
   * @param {QRious} qrious - the {@link QRious} instance to be used
   * @param {*} element - the element onto which the QR code is to be rendered
   * @param {boolean} [enabled] - <code>true</code> this {@link Renderer} is enabled; otherwise <code>false</code>.
   * @public
   * @class
   * @extends Nevis
   */
  var Renderer = lite.extend(function(qrious, element, enabled) {
    /**
     * The {@link QRious} instance.
     *
     * @protected
     * @type {QRious}
     * @memberof Renderer#
     */
    this.qrious = qrious;

    /**
     * The element onto which this {@link Renderer} is rendering the QR code.
     *
     * @protected
     * @type {*}
     * @memberof Renderer#
     */
    this.element = element;
    this.element.qrious = qrious;

    /**
     * Whether this {@link Renderer} is enabled.
     *
     * @protected
     * @type {boolean}
     * @memberof Renderer#
     */
    this.enabled = Boolean(enabled);
  }, {

    /**
     * Draws the specified QR code <code>frame</code> on the underlying element.
     *
     * Implementations of {@link Renderer} <b>must</b> override this method with their own specific logic.
     *
     * @param {Frame} frame - the {@link Frame} to be drawn
     * @return {void}
     * @protected
     * @abstract
     * @memberof Renderer#
     */
    draw: function(frame) {},

    /**
     * Returns the element onto which this {@link Renderer} is rendering the QR code.
     *
     * If this method is called while this {@link Renderer} is disabled, it will be immediately enabled and rendered
     * before the element is returned.
     *
     * @return {*} The element.
     * @public
     * @memberof Renderer#
     */
    getElement: function() {
      if (!this.enabled) {
        this.enabled = true;
        this.render();
      }

      return this.element;
    },

    /**
     * Calculates the size (in pixel units) to represent an individual module within the QR code based on the
     * <code>frame</code> provided.
     *
     * Any configured padding will be excluded from the returned size.
     *
     * The returned value will be at least one, even in cases where the size of the QR code does not fit its contents.
     * This is done so that the inevitable clipping is handled more gracefully since this way at least something is
     * displayed instead of just a blank space filled by the background color.
     *
     * @param {Frame} frame - the {@link Frame} from which the module size is to be derived
     * @return {number} The pixel size for each module in the QR code which will be no less than one.
     * @protected
     * @memberof Renderer#
     */
    getModuleSize: function(frame) {
      var qrious = this.qrious;
      var padding = qrious.padding || 0;
      var pixels = Math.floor((qrious.size - (padding * 2)) / frame.width);

      return Math.max(1, pixels);
    },

    /**
     * Calculates the offset/padding (in pixel units) to be inserted before the QR code based on the <code>frame</code>
     * provided.
     *
     * The returned value will be zero if there is no available offset or if the size of the QR code does not fit its
     * contents. It will never be a negative value. This is done so that the inevitable clipping appears more naturally
     * and it is not clipped from all directions.
     *
     * @param {Frame} frame - the {@link Frame} from which the offset is to be derived
     * @return {number} The pixel offset for the QR code which will be no less than zero.
     * @protected
     * @memberof Renderer#
     */
    getOffset: function(frame) {
      var qrious = this.qrious;
      var padding = qrious.padding;

      if (padding != null) {
        return padding;
      }

      var moduleSize = this.getModuleSize(frame);
      var offset = Math.floor((qrious.size - (moduleSize * frame.width)) / 2);

      return Math.max(0, offset);
    },

    /**
     * Renders a QR code on the underlying element based on the <code>frame</code> provided.
     *
     * @param {Frame} frame - the {@link Frame} to be rendered
     * @return {void}
     * @public
     * @memberof Renderer#
     */
    render: function(frame) {
      if (this.enabled) {
        this.reset();
        this.draw(frame);
      }
    },

    /**
     * Resets the underlying element, effectively clearing any previously rendered QR code.
     *
     * Implementations of {@link Renderer} <b>must</b> override this method with their own specific logic.
     *
     * @return {void}
     * @protected
     * @abstract
     * @memberof Renderer#
     */
    reset: function() {},

    /**
     * Ensures that the size of the underlying element matches that defined on the associated {@link QRious} instance.
     *
     * Implementations of {@link Renderer} <b>must</b> override this method with their own specific logic.
     *
     * @return {void}
     * @protected
     * @abstract
     * @memberof Renderer#
     */
    resize: function() {}

  });

  var Renderer_1 = Renderer;

  /**
   * An implementation of {@link Renderer} for working with <code>canvas</code> elements.
   *
   * @public
   * @class
   * @extends Renderer
   */
  var CanvasRenderer = Renderer_1.extend({

    /**
     * @override
     */
    draw: function(frame) {
      var i, j;
      var qrious = this.qrious;
      var moduleSize = this.getModuleSize(frame);
      var offset = this.getOffset(frame);
      var context = this.element.getContext('2d');

      context.fillStyle = qrious.foreground;
      context.globalAlpha = qrious.foregroundAlpha;

      for (i = 0; i < frame.width; i++) {
        for (j = 0; j < frame.width; j++) {
          if (frame.buffer[(j * frame.width) + i]) {
            context.fillRect((moduleSize * i) + offset, (moduleSize * j) + offset, moduleSize, moduleSize);
          }
        }
      }
    },

    /**
     * @override
     */
    reset: function() {
      var qrious = this.qrious;
      var context = this.element.getContext('2d');
      var size = qrious.size;

      context.lineWidth = 1;
      context.clearRect(0, 0, size, size);
      context.fillStyle = qrious.background;
      context.globalAlpha = qrious.backgroundAlpha;
      context.fillRect(0, 0, size, size);
    },

    /**
     * @override
     */
    resize: function() {
      var element = this.element;

      element.width = element.height = this.qrious.size;
    }

  });

  var CanvasRenderer_1 = CanvasRenderer;

  /* eslint no-multi-spaces: "off" */



  /**
   * Contains alignment pattern information.
   *
   * @public
   * @class
   * @extends Nevis
   */
  var Alignment = lite.extend(null, {

    /**
     * The alignment pattern block.
     *
     * @public
     * @static
     * @type {number[]}
     * @memberof Alignment
     */
    BLOCK: [
      0,  11, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31,
      16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 20, 22, 24, 24, 26, 28, 28, 22, 24, 24,
      26, 26, 28, 28, 24, 24, 26, 26, 26, 28, 28, 24, 26, 26, 26, 28, 28
    ]

  });

  var Alignment_1 = Alignment;

  /* eslint no-multi-spaces: "off" */



  /**
   * Contains error correction information.
   *
   * @public
   * @class
   * @extends Nevis
   */
  var ErrorCorrection = lite.extend(null, {

    /**
     * The error correction blocks.
     *
     * There are four elements per version. The first two indicate the number of blocks, then the data width, and finally
     * the ECC width.
     *
     * @public
     * @static
     * @type {number[]}
     * @memberof ErrorCorrection
     */
    BLOCKS: [
      1,  0,  19,  7,     1,  0,  16,  10,    1,  0,  13,  13,    1,  0,  9,   17,
      1,  0,  34,  10,    1,  0,  28,  16,    1,  0,  22,  22,    1,  0,  16,  28,
      1,  0,  55,  15,    1,  0,  44,  26,    2,  0,  17,  18,    2,  0,  13,  22,
      1,  0,  80,  20,    2,  0,  32,  18,    2,  0,  24,  26,    4,  0,  9,   16,
      1,  0,  108, 26,    2,  0,  43,  24,    2,  2,  15,  18,    2,  2,  11,  22,
      2,  0,  68,  18,    4,  0,  27,  16,    4,  0,  19,  24,    4,  0,  15,  28,
      2,  0,  78,  20,    4,  0,  31,  18,    2,  4,  14,  18,    4,  1,  13,  26,
      2,  0,  97,  24,    2,  2,  38,  22,    4,  2,  18,  22,    4,  2,  14,  26,
      2,  0,  116, 30,    3,  2,  36,  22,    4,  4,  16,  20,    4,  4,  12,  24,
      2,  2,  68,  18,    4,  1,  43,  26,    6,  2,  19,  24,    6,  2,  15,  28,
      4,  0,  81,  20,    1,  4,  50,  30,    4,  4,  22,  28,    3,  8,  12,  24,
      2,  2,  92,  24,    6,  2,  36,  22,    4,  6,  20,  26,    7,  4,  14,  28,
      4,  0,  107, 26,    8,  1,  37,  22,    8,  4,  20,  24,    12, 4,  11,  22,
      3,  1,  115, 30,    4,  5,  40,  24,    11, 5,  16,  20,    11, 5,  12,  24,
      5,  1,  87,  22,    5,  5,  41,  24,    5,  7,  24,  30,    11, 7,  12,  24,
      5,  1,  98,  24,    7,  3,  45,  28,    15, 2,  19,  24,    3,  13, 15,  30,
      1,  5,  107, 28,    10, 1,  46,  28,    1,  15, 22,  28,    2,  17, 14,  28,
      5,  1,  120, 30,    9,  4,  43,  26,    17, 1,  22,  28,    2,  19, 14,  28,
      3,  4,  113, 28,    3,  11, 44,  26,    17, 4,  21,  26,    9,  16, 13,  26,
      3,  5,  107, 28,    3,  13, 41,  26,    15, 5,  24,  30,    15, 10, 15,  28,
      4,  4,  116, 28,    17, 0,  42,  26,    17, 6,  22,  28,    19, 6,  16,  30,
      2,  7,  111, 28,    17, 0,  46,  28,    7,  16, 24,  30,    34, 0,  13,  24,
      4,  5,  121, 30,    4,  14, 47,  28,    11, 14, 24,  30,    16, 14, 15,  30,
      6,  4,  117, 30,    6,  14, 45,  28,    11, 16, 24,  30,    30, 2,  16,  30,
      8,  4,  106, 26,    8,  13, 47,  28,    7,  22, 24,  30,    22, 13, 15,  30,
      10, 2,  114, 28,    19, 4,  46,  28,    28, 6,  22,  28,    33, 4,  16,  30,
      8,  4,  122, 30,    22, 3,  45,  28,    8,  26, 23,  30,    12, 28, 15,  30,
      3,  10, 117, 30,    3,  23, 45,  28,    4,  31, 24,  30,    11, 31, 15,  30,
      7,  7,  116, 30,    21, 7,  45,  28,    1,  37, 23,  30,    19, 26, 15,  30,
      5,  10, 115, 30,    19, 10, 47,  28,    15, 25, 24,  30,    23, 25, 15,  30,
      13, 3,  115, 30,    2,  29, 46,  28,    42, 1,  24,  30,    23, 28, 15,  30,
      17, 0,  115, 30,    10, 23, 46,  28,    10, 35, 24,  30,    19, 35, 15,  30,
      17, 1,  115, 30,    14, 21, 46,  28,    29, 19, 24,  30,    11, 46, 15,  30,
      13, 6,  115, 30,    14, 23, 46,  28,    44, 7,  24,  30,    59, 1,  16,  30,
      12, 7,  121, 30,    12, 26, 47,  28,    39, 14, 24,  30,    22, 41, 15,  30,
      6,  14, 121, 30,    6,  34, 47,  28,    46, 10, 24,  30,    2,  64, 15,  30,
      17, 4,  122, 30,    29, 14, 46,  28,    49, 10, 24,  30,    24, 46, 15,  30,
      4,  18, 122, 30,    13, 32, 46,  28,    48, 14, 24,  30,    42, 32, 15,  30,
      20, 4,  117, 30,    40, 7,  47,  28,    43, 22, 24,  30,    10, 67, 15,  30,
      19, 6,  118, 30,    18, 31, 47,  28,    34, 34, 24,  30,    20, 61, 15,  30
    ],

    /**
     * The final format bits with mask (level << 3 | mask).
     *
     * @public
     * @static
     * @type {number[]}
     * @memberof ErrorCorrection
     */
    FINAL_FORMAT: [
      // L
      0x77c4, 0x72f3, 0x7daa, 0x789d, 0x662f, 0x6318, 0x6c41, 0x6976,
      // M
      0x5412, 0x5125, 0x5e7c, 0x5b4b, 0x45f9, 0x40ce, 0x4f97, 0x4aa0,
      // Q
      0x355f, 0x3068, 0x3f31, 0x3a06, 0x24b4, 0x2183, 0x2eda, 0x2bed,
      // H
      0x1689, 0x13be, 0x1ce7, 0x19d0, 0x0762, 0x0255, 0x0d0c, 0x083b
    ],

    /**
     * A map of human-readable ECC levels.
     *
     * @public
     * @static
     * @type {Object.<string, number>}
     * @memberof ErrorCorrection
     */
    LEVELS: {
      L: 1,
      M: 2,
      Q: 3,
      H: 4
    }

  });

  var ErrorCorrection_1 = ErrorCorrection;

  /**
   * Contains Galois field information.
   *
   * @public
   * @class
   * @extends Nevis
   */
  var Galois = lite.extend(null, {

    /**
     * The Galois field exponent table.
     *
     * @public
     * @static
     * @type {number[]}
     * @memberof Galois
     */
    EXPONENT: [
      0x01, 0x02, 0x04, 0x08, 0x10, 0x20, 0x40, 0x80, 0x1d, 0x3a, 0x74, 0xe8, 0xcd, 0x87, 0x13, 0x26,
      0x4c, 0x98, 0x2d, 0x5a, 0xb4, 0x75, 0xea, 0xc9, 0x8f, 0x03, 0x06, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0xc0,
      0x9d, 0x27, 0x4e, 0x9c, 0x25, 0x4a, 0x94, 0x35, 0x6a, 0xd4, 0xb5, 0x77, 0xee, 0xc1, 0x9f, 0x23,
      0x46, 0x8c, 0x05, 0x0a, 0x14, 0x28, 0x50, 0xa0, 0x5d, 0xba, 0x69, 0xd2, 0xb9, 0x6f, 0xde, 0xa1,
      0x5f, 0xbe, 0x61, 0xc2, 0x99, 0x2f, 0x5e, 0xbc, 0x65, 0xca, 0x89, 0x0f, 0x1e, 0x3c, 0x78, 0xf0,
      0xfd, 0xe7, 0xd3, 0xbb, 0x6b, 0xd6, 0xb1, 0x7f, 0xfe, 0xe1, 0xdf, 0xa3, 0x5b, 0xb6, 0x71, 0xe2,
      0xd9, 0xaf, 0x43, 0x86, 0x11, 0x22, 0x44, 0x88, 0x0d, 0x1a, 0x34, 0x68, 0xd0, 0xbd, 0x67, 0xce,
      0x81, 0x1f, 0x3e, 0x7c, 0xf8, 0xed, 0xc7, 0x93, 0x3b, 0x76, 0xec, 0xc5, 0x97, 0x33, 0x66, 0xcc,
      0x85, 0x17, 0x2e, 0x5c, 0xb8, 0x6d, 0xda, 0xa9, 0x4f, 0x9e, 0x21, 0x42, 0x84, 0x15, 0x2a, 0x54,
      0xa8, 0x4d, 0x9a, 0x29, 0x52, 0xa4, 0x55, 0xaa, 0x49, 0x92, 0x39, 0x72, 0xe4, 0xd5, 0xb7, 0x73,
      0xe6, 0xd1, 0xbf, 0x63, 0xc6, 0x91, 0x3f, 0x7e, 0xfc, 0xe5, 0xd7, 0xb3, 0x7b, 0xf6, 0xf1, 0xff,
      0xe3, 0xdb, 0xab, 0x4b, 0x96, 0x31, 0x62, 0xc4, 0x95, 0x37, 0x6e, 0xdc, 0xa5, 0x57, 0xae, 0x41,
      0x82, 0x19, 0x32, 0x64, 0xc8, 0x8d, 0x07, 0x0e, 0x1c, 0x38, 0x70, 0xe0, 0xdd, 0xa7, 0x53, 0xa6,
      0x51, 0xa2, 0x59, 0xb2, 0x79, 0xf2, 0xf9, 0xef, 0xc3, 0x9b, 0x2b, 0x56, 0xac, 0x45, 0x8a, 0x09,
      0x12, 0x24, 0x48, 0x90, 0x3d, 0x7a, 0xf4, 0xf5, 0xf7, 0xf3, 0xfb, 0xeb, 0xcb, 0x8b, 0x0b, 0x16,
      0x2c, 0x58, 0xb0, 0x7d, 0xfa, 0xe9, 0xcf, 0x83, 0x1b, 0x36, 0x6c, 0xd8, 0xad, 0x47, 0x8e, 0x00
    ],

    /**
     * The Galois field log table.
     *
     * @public
     * @static
     * @type {number[]}
     * @memberof Galois
     */
    LOG: [
      0xff, 0x00, 0x01, 0x19, 0x02, 0x32, 0x1a, 0xc6, 0x03, 0xdf, 0x33, 0xee, 0x1b, 0x68, 0xc7, 0x4b,
      0x04, 0x64, 0xe0, 0x0e, 0x34, 0x8d, 0xef, 0x81, 0x1c, 0xc1, 0x69, 0xf8, 0xc8, 0x08, 0x4c, 0x71,
      0x05, 0x8a, 0x65, 0x2f, 0xe1, 0x24, 0x0f, 0x21, 0x35, 0x93, 0x8e, 0xda, 0xf0, 0x12, 0x82, 0x45,
      0x1d, 0xb5, 0xc2, 0x7d, 0x6a, 0x27, 0xf9, 0xb9, 0xc9, 0x9a, 0x09, 0x78, 0x4d, 0xe4, 0x72, 0xa6,
      0x06, 0xbf, 0x8b, 0x62, 0x66, 0xdd, 0x30, 0xfd, 0xe2, 0x98, 0x25, 0xb3, 0x10, 0x91, 0x22, 0x88,
      0x36, 0xd0, 0x94, 0xce, 0x8f, 0x96, 0xdb, 0xbd, 0xf1, 0xd2, 0x13, 0x5c, 0x83, 0x38, 0x46, 0x40,
      0x1e, 0x42, 0xb6, 0xa3, 0xc3, 0x48, 0x7e, 0x6e, 0x6b, 0x3a, 0x28, 0x54, 0xfa, 0x85, 0xba, 0x3d,
      0xca, 0x5e, 0x9b, 0x9f, 0x0a, 0x15, 0x79, 0x2b, 0x4e, 0xd4, 0xe5, 0xac, 0x73, 0xf3, 0xa7, 0x57,
      0x07, 0x70, 0xc0, 0xf7, 0x8c, 0x80, 0x63, 0x0d, 0x67, 0x4a, 0xde, 0xed, 0x31, 0xc5, 0xfe, 0x18,
      0xe3, 0xa5, 0x99, 0x77, 0x26, 0xb8, 0xb4, 0x7c, 0x11, 0x44, 0x92, 0xd9, 0x23, 0x20, 0x89, 0x2e,
      0x37, 0x3f, 0xd1, 0x5b, 0x95, 0xbc, 0xcf, 0xcd, 0x90, 0x87, 0x97, 0xb2, 0xdc, 0xfc, 0xbe, 0x61,
      0xf2, 0x56, 0xd3, 0xab, 0x14, 0x2a, 0x5d, 0x9e, 0x84, 0x3c, 0x39, 0x53, 0x47, 0x6d, 0x41, 0xa2,
      0x1f, 0x2d, 0x43, 0xd8, 0xb7, 0x7b, 0xa4, 0x76, 0xc4, 0x17, 0x49, 0xec, 0x7f, 0x0c, 0x6f, 0xf6,
      0x6c, 0xa1, 0x3b, 0x52, 0x29, 0x9d, 0x55, 0xaa, 0xfb, 0x60, 0x86, 0xb1, 0xbb, 0xcc, 0x3e, 0x5a,
      0xcb, 0x59, 0x5f, 0xb0, 0x9c, 0xa9, 0xa0, 0x51, 0x0b, 0xf5, 0x16, 0xeb, 0x7a, 0x75, 0x2c, 0xd7,
      0x4f, 0xae, 0xd5, 0xe9, 0xe6, 0xe7, 0xad, 0xe8, 0x74, 0xd6, 0xf4, 0xea, 0xa8, 0x50, 0x58, 0xaf
    ]

  });

  var Galois_1 = Galois;

  /**
   * Contains version pattern information.
   *
   * @public
   * @class
   * @extends Nevis
   */
  var Version = lite.extend(null, {

    /**
     * The version pattern block.
     *
     * @public
     * @static
     * @type {number[]}
     * @memberof Version
     */
    BLOCK: [
      0xc94, 0x5bc, 0xa99, 0x4d3, 0xbf6, 0x762, 0x847, 0x60d, 0x928, 0xb78, 0x45d, 0xa17, 0x532,
      0x9a6, 0x683, 0x8c9, 0x7ec, 0xec4, 0x1e1, 0xfab, 0x08e, 0xc1a, 0x33f, 0xd75, 0x250, 0x9d5,
      0x6f0, 0x8ba, 0x79f, 0xb0b, 0x42e, 0xa64, 0x541, 0xc69
    ]

  });

  var Version_1 = Version;

  /**
   * Generates information for a QR code frame based on a specific value to be encoded.
   *
   * @param {Frame~Options} options - the options to be used
   * @public
   * @class
   * @extends Nevis
   */
  var Frame = lite.extend(function(options) {
    var dataBlock, eccBlock, index, neccBlock1, neccBlock2;
    var valueLength = options.value.length;

    this._badness = [];
    this._level = ErrorCorrection_1.LEVELS[options.level];
    this._polynomial = [];
    this._value = options.value;
    this._version = 0;
    this._stringBuffer = [];

    while (this._version < 40) {
      this._version++;

      index = ((this._level - 1) * 4) + ((this._version - 1) * 16);

      neccBlock1 = ErrorCorrection_1.BLOCKS[index++];
      neccBlock2 = ErrorCorrection_1.BLOCKS[index++];
      dataBlock = ErrorCorrection_1.BLOCKS[index++];
      eccBlock = ErrorCorrection_1.BLOCKS[index];

      index = (dataBlock * (neccBlock1 + neccBlock2)) + neccBlock2 - 3 + (this._version <= 9);

      if (valueLength <= index) {
        break;
      }
    }

    this._dataBlock = dataBlock;
    this._eccBlock = eccBlock;
    this._neccBlock1 = neccBlock1;
    this._neccBlock2 = neccBlock2;

    /**
     * The data width is based on version.
     *
     * @public
     * @type {number}
     * @memberof Frame#
     */
    // FIXME: Ensure that it fits instead of being truncated.
    var width = this.width = 17 + (4 * this._version);

    /**
     * The image buffer.
     *
     * @public
     * @type {number[]}
     * @memberof Frame#
     */
    this.buffer = Frame._createArray(width * width);

    this._ecc = Frame._createArray(dataBlock + ((dataBlock + eccBlock) * (neccBlock1 + neccBlock2)) + neccBlock2);
    this._mask = Frame._createArray(((width * (width + 1)) + 1) / 2);

    this._insertFinders();
    this._insertAlignments();

    // Insert single foreground cell.
    this.buffer[8 + (width * (width - 8))] = 1;

    this._insertTimingGap();
    this._reverseMask();
    this._insertTimingRowAndColumn();
    this._insertVersion();
    this._syncMask();
    this._convertBitStream(valueLength);
    this._calculatePolynomial();
    this._appendEccToData();
    this._interleaveBlocks();
    this._pack();
    this._finish();
  }, {

    _addAlignment: function(x, y) {
      var i;
      var buffer = this.buffer;
      var width = this.width;

      buffer[x + (width * y)] = 1;

      for (i = -2; i < 2; i++) {
        buffer[x + i + (width * (y - 2))] = 1;
        buffer[x - 2 + (width * (y + i + 1))] = 1;
        buffer[x + 2 + (width * (y + i))] = 1;
        buffer[x + i + 1 + (width * (y + 2))] = 1;
      }

      for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
        this._setMask(x - 1, y + i);
        this._setMask(x + 1, y - i);
        this._setMask(x - i, y - 1);
        this._setMask(x + i, y + 1);
      }
    },

    _appendData: function(data, dataLength, ecc, eccLength) {
      var bit, i, j;
      var polynomial = this._polynomial;
      var stringBuffer = this._stringBuffer;

      for (i = 0; i < eccLength; i++) {
        stringBuffer[ecc + i] = 0;
      }

      for (i = 0; i < dataLength; i++) {
        bit = Galois_1.LOG[stringBuffer[data + i] ^ stringBuffer[ecc]];

        if (bit !== 255) {
          for (j = 1; j < eccLength; j++) {
            stringBuffer[ecc + j - 1] = stringBuffer[ecc + j] ^
              Galois_1.EXPONENT[Frame._modN(bit + polynomial[eccLength - j])];
          }
        } else {
          for (j = ecc; j < ecc + eccLength; j++) {
            stringBuffer[j] = stringBuffer[j + 1];
          }
        }

        stringBuffer[ecc + eccLength - 1] = bit === 255 ? 0 : Galois_1.EXPONENT[Frame._modN(bit + polynomial[0])];
      }
    },

    _appendEccToData: function() {
      var i;
      var data = 0;
      var dataBlock = this._dataBlock;
      var ecc = this._calculateMaxLength();
      var eccBlock = this._eccBlock;

      for (i = 0; i < this._neccBlock1; i++) {
        this._appendData(data, dataBlock, ecc, eccBlock);

        data += dataBlock;
        ecc += eccBlock;
      }

      for (i = 0; i < this._neccBlock2; i++) {
        this._appendData(data, dataBlock + 1, ecc, eccBlock);

        data += dataBlock + 1;
        ecc += eccBlock;
      }
    },

    _applyMask: function(mask) {
      var r3x, r3y, x, y;
      var buffer = this.buffer;
      var width = this.width;

      switch (mask) {
      case 0:
        for (y = 0; y < width; y++) {
          for (x = 0; x < width; x++) {
            if (!((x + y) & 1) && !this._isMasked(x, y)) {
              buffer[x + (y * width)] ^= 1;
            }
          }
        }

        break;
      case 1:
        for (y = 0; y < width; y++) {
          for (x = 0; x < width; x++) {
            if (!(y & 1) && !this._isMasked(x, y)) {
              buffer[x + (y * width)] ^= 1;
            }
          }
        }

        break;
      case 2:
        for (y = 0; y < width; y++) {
          for (r3x = 0, x = 0; x < width; x++, r3x++) {
            if (r3x === 3) {
              r3x = 0;
            }

            if (!r3x && !this._isMasked(x, y)) {
              buffer[x + (y * width)] ^= 1;
            }
          }
        }

        break;
      case 3:
        for (r3y = 0, y = 0; y < width; y++, r3y++) {
          if (r3y === 3) {
            r3y = 0;
          }

          for (r3x = r3y, x = 0; x < width; x++, r3x++) {
            if (r3x === 3) {
              r3x = 0;
            }

            if (!r3x && !this._isMasked(x, y)) {
              buffer[x + (y * width)] ^= 1;
            }
          }
        }

        break;
      case 4:
        for (y = 0; y < width; y++) {
          for (r3x = 0, r3y = (y >> 1) & 1, x = 0; x < width; x++, r3x++) {
            if (r3x === 3) {
              r3x = 0;
              r3y = !r3y;
            }

            if (!r3y && !this._isMasked(x, y)) {
              buffer[x + (y * width)] ^= 1;
            }
          }
        }

        break;
      case 5:
        for (r3y = 0, y = 0; y < width; y++, r3y++) {
          if (r3y === 3) {
            r3y = 0;
          }

          for (r3x = 0, x = 0; x < width; x++, r3x++) {
            if (r3x === 3) {
              r3x = 0;
            }

            if (!((x & y & 1) + !(!r3x | !r3y)) && !this._isMasked(x, y)) {
              buffer[x + (y * width)] ^= 1;
            }
          }
        }

        break;
      case 6:
        for (r3y = 0, y = 0; y < width; y++, r3y++) {
          if (r3y === 3) {
            r3y = 0;
          }

          for (r3x = 0, x = 0; x < width; x++, r3x++) {
            if (r3x === 3) {
              r3x = 0;
            }

            if (!((x & y & 1) + (r3x && r3x === r3y) & 1) && !this._isMasked(x, y)) {
              buffer[x + (y * width)] ^= 1;
            }
          }
        }

        break;
      case 7:
        for (r3y = 0, y = 0; y < width; y++, r3y++) {
          if (r3y === 3) {
            r3y = 0;
          }

          for (r3x = 0, x = 0; x < width; x++, r3x++) {
            if (r3x === 3) {
              r3x = 0;
            }

            if (!((r3x && r3x === r3y) + (x + y & 1) & 1) && !this._isMasked(x, y)) {
              buffer[x + (y * width)] ^= 1;
            }
          }
        }

        break;
      }
    },

    _calculateMaxLength: function() {
      return (this._dataBlock * (this._neccBlock1 + this._neccBlock2)) + this._neccBlock2;
    },

    _calculatePolynomial: function() {
      var i, j;
      var eccBlock = this._eccBlock;
      var polynomial = this._polynomial;

      polynomial[0] = 1;

      for (i = 0; i < eccBlock; i++) {
        polynomial[i + 1] = 1;

        for (j = i; j > 0; j--) {
          polynomial[j] = polynomial[j] ? polynomial[j - 1] ^
            Galois_1.EXPONENT[Frame._modN(Galois_1.LOG[polynomial[j]] + i)] : polynomial[j - 1];
        }

        polynomial[0] = Galois_1.EXPONENT[Frame._modN(Galois_1.LOG[polynomial[0]] + i)];
      }

      // Use logs for generator polynomial to save calculation step.
      for (i = 0; i <= eccBlock; i++) {
        polynomial[i] = Galois_1.LOG[polynomial[i]];
      }
    },

    _checkBadness: function() {
      var b, b1, h, x, y;
      var bad = 0;
      var badness = this._badness;
      var buffer = this.buffer;
      var width = this.width;

      // Blocks of same colour.
      for (y = 0; y < width - 1; y++) {
        for (x = 0; x < width - 1; x++) {
          // All foreground colour.
          if ((buffer[x + (width * y)] &&
            buffer[x + 1 + (width * y)] &&
            buffer[x + (width * (y + 1))] &&
            buffer[x + 1 + (width * (y + 1))]) ||
            // All background colour.
            !(buffer[x + (width * y)] ||
            buffer[x + 1 + (width * y)] ||
            buffer[x + (width * (y + 1))] ||
            buffer[x + 1 + (width * (y + 1))])) {
            bad += Frame.N2;
          }
        }
      }

      var bw = 0;

      // X runs.
      for (y = 0; y < width; y++) {
        h = 0;

        badness[0] = 0;

        for (b = 0, x = 0; x < width; x++) {
          b1 = buffer[x + (width * y)];

          if (b === b1) {
            badness[h]++;
          } else {
            badness[++h] = 1;
          }

          b = b1;
          bw += b ? 1 : -1;
        }

        bad += this._getBadness(h);
      }

      if (bw < 0) {
        bw = -bw;
      }

      var count = 0;
      var big = bw;
      big += big << 2;
      big <<= 1;

      while (big > width * width) {
        big -= width * width;
        count++;
      }

      bad += count * Frame.N4;

      // Y runs.
      for (x = 0; x < width; x++) {
        h = 0;

        badness[0] = 0;

        for (b = 0, y = 0; y < width; y++) {
          b1 = buffer[x + (width * y)];

          if (b === b1) {
            badness[h]++;
          } else {
            badness[++h] = 1;
          }

          b = b1;
        }

        bad += this._getBadness(h);
      }

      return bad;
    },

    _convertBitStream: function(length) {
      var bit, i;
      var ecc = this._ecc;
      var version = this._version;

      // Convert string to bit stream. 8-bit data to QR-coded 8-bit data (numeric, alphanumeric, or kanji not supported).
      for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
        ecc[i] = this._value.charCodeAt(i);
      }

      var stringBuffer = this._stringBuffer = ecc.slice();
      var maxLength = this._calculateMaxLength();

      if (length >= maxLength - 2) {
        length = maxLength - 2;

        if (version > 9) {
          length--;
        }
      }

      // Shift and re-pack to insert length prefix.
      var index = length;

      if (version > 9) {
        stringBuffer[index + 2] = 0;
        stringBuffer[index + 3] = 0;

        while (index--) {
          bit = stringBuffer[index];

          stringBuffer[index + 3] |= 255 & (bit << 4);
          stringBuffer[index + 2] = bit >> 4;
        }

        stringBuffer[2] |= 255 & (length << 4);
        stringBuffer[1] = length >> 4;
        stringBuffer[0] = 0x40 | (length >> 12);
      } else {
        stringBuffer[index + 1] = 0;
        stringBuffer[index + 2] = 0;

        while (index--) {
          bit = stringBuffer[index];

          stringBuffer[index + 2] |= 255 & (bit << 4);
          stringBuffer[index + 1] = bit >> 4;
        }

        stringBuffer[1] |= 255 & (length << 4);
        stringBuffer[0] = 0x40 | (length >> 4);
      }

      // Fill to end with pad pattern.
      index = length + 3 - (version < 10);

      while (index < maxLength) {
        stringBuffer[index++] = 0xec;
        stringBuffer[index++] = 0x11;
      }
    },

    _getBadness: function(length) {
      var i;
      var badRuns = 0;
      var badness = this._badness;

      for (i = 0; i <= length; i++) {
        if (badness[i] >= 5) {
          badRuns += Frame.N1 + badness[i] - 5;
        }
      }

      // FBFFFBF as in finder.
      for (i = 3; i < length - 1; i += 2) {
        if (badness[i - 2] === badness[i + 2] &&
          badness[i + 2] === badness[i - 1] &&
          badness[i - 1] === badness[i + 1] &&
          badness[i - 1] * 3 === badness[i] &&
          // Background around the foreground pattern? Not part of the specs.
          (badness[i - 3] === 0 || i + 3 > length ||
          badness[i - 3] * 3 >= badness[i] * 4 ||
          badness[i + 3] * 3 >= badness[i] * 4)) {
          badRuns += Frame.N3;
        }
      }

      return badRuns;
    },

    _finish: function() {
      // Save pre-mask copy of frame.
      this._stringBuffer = this.buffer.slice();

      var currentMask, i;
      var bit = 0;
      var mask = 30000;

      /*
       * Using for instead of while since in original Arduino code if an early mask was "good enough" it wouldn't try for
       * a better one since they get more complex and take longer.
       */
      for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
        // Returns foreground-background imbalance.
        this._applyMask(i);

        currentMask = this._checkBadness();

        // Is current mask better than previous best?
        if (currentMask < mask) {
          mask = currentMask;
          bit = i;
        }

        // Don't increment "i" to a void redoing mask.
        if (bit === 7) {
          break;
        }

        // Reset for next pass.
        this.buffer = this._stringBuffer.slice();
      }

      // Redo best mask as none were "good enough" (i.e. last wasn't bit).
      if (bit !== i) {
        this._applyMask(bit);
      }

      // Add in final mask/ECC level bytes.
      mask = ErrorCorrection_1.FINAL_FORMAT[bit + (this._level - 1 << 3)];

      var buffer = this.buffer;
      var width = this.width;

      // Low byte.
      for (i = 0; i < 8; i++, mask >>= 1) {
        if (mask & 1) {
          buffer[width - 1 - i + (width * 8)] = 1;

          if (i < 6) {
            buffer[8 + (width * i)] = 1;
          } else {
            buffer[8 + (width * (i + 1))] = 1;
          }
        }
      }

      // High byte.
      for (i = 0; i < 7; i++, mask >>= 1) {
        if (mask & 1) {
          buffer[8 + (width * (width - 7 + i))] = 1;

          if (i) {
            buffer[6 - i + (width * 8)] = 1;
          } else {
            buffer[7 + (width * 8)] = 1;
          }
        }
      }
    },

    _interleaveBlocks: function() {
      var i, j;
      var dataBlock = this._dataBlock;
      var ecc = this._ecc;
      var eccBlock = this._eccBlock;
      var k = 0;
      var maxLength = this._calculateMaxLength();
      var neccBlock1 = this._neccBlock1;
      var neccBlock2 = this._neccBlock2;
      var stringBuffer = this._stringBuffer;

      for (i = 0; i < dataBlock; i++) {
        for (j = 0; j < neccBlock1; j++) {
          ecc[k++] = stringBuffer[i + (j * dataBlock)];
        }

        for (j = 0; j < neccBlock2; j++) {
          ecc[k++] = stringBuffer[(neccBlock1 * dataBlock) + i + (j * (dataBlock + 1))];
        }
      }

      for (j = 0; j < neccBlock2; j++) {
        ecc[k++] = stringBuffer[(neccBlock1 * dataBlock) + i + (j * (dataBlock + 1))];
      }

      for (i = 0; i < eccBlock; i++) {
        for (j = 0; j < neccBlock1 + neccBlock2; j++) {
          ecc[k++] = stringBuffer[maxLength + i + (j * eccBlock)];
        }
      }

      this._stringBuffer = ecc;
    },

    _insertAlignments: function() {
      var i, x, y;
      var version = this._version;
      var width = this.width;

      if (version > 1) {
        i = Alignment_1.BLOCK[version];
        y = width - 7;

        for (;;) {
          x = width - 7;

          while (x > i - 3) {
            this._addAlignment(x, y);

            if (x < i) {
              break;
            }

            x -= i;
          }

          if (y <= i + 9) {
            break;
          }

          y -= i;

          this._addAlignment(6, y);
          this._addAlignment(y, 6);
        }
      }
    },

    _insertFinders: function() {
      var i, j, x, y;
      var buffer = this.buffer;
      var width = this.width;

      for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
        j = 0;
        y = 0;

        if (i === 1) {
          j = width - 7;
        }
        if (i === 2) {
          y = width - 7;
        }

        buffer[y + 3 + (width * (j + 3))] = 1;

        for (x = 0; x < 6; x++) {
          buffer[y + x + (width * j)] = 1;
          buffer[y + (width * (j + x + 1))] = 1;
          buffer[y + 6 + (width * (j + x))] = 1;
          buffer[y + x + 1 + (width * (j + 6))] = 1;
        }

        for (x = 1; x < 5; x++) {
          this._setMask(y + x, j + 1);
          this._setMask(y + 1, j + x + 1);
          this._setMask(y + 5, j + x);
          this._setMask(y + x + 1, j + 5);
        }

        for (x = 2; x < 4; x++) {
          buffer[y + x + (width * (j + 2))] = 1;
          buffer[y + 2 + (width * (j + x + 1))] = 1;
          buffer[y + 4 + (width * (j + x))] = 1;
          buffer[y + x + 1 + (width * (j + 4))] = 1;
        }
      }
    },

    _insertTimingGap: function() {
      var x, y;
      var width = this.width;

      for (y = 0; y < 7; y++) {
        this._setMask(7, y);
        this._setMask(width - 8, y);
        this._setMask(7, y + width - 7);
      }

      for (x = 0; x < 8; x++) {
        this._setMask(x, 7);
        this._setMask(x + width - 8, 7);
        this._setMask(x, width - 8);
      }
    },

    _insertTimingRowAndColumn: function() {
      var x;
      var buffer = this.buffer;
      var width = this.width;

      for (x = 0; x < width - 14; x++) {
        if (x & 1) {
          this._setMask(8 + x, 6);
          this._setMask(6, 8 + x);
        } else {
          buffer[8 + x + (width * 6)] = 1;
          buffer[6 + (width * (8 + x))] = 1;
        }
      }
    },

    _insertVersion: function() {
      var i, j, x, y;
      var buffer = this.buffer;
      var version = this._version;
      var width = this.width;

      if (version > 6) {
        i = Version_1.BLOCK[version - 7];
        j = 17;

        for (x = 0; x < 6; x++) {
          for (y = 0; y < 3; y++, j--) {
            if (1 & (j > 11 ? version >> j - 12 : i >> j)) {
              buffer[5 - x + (width * (2 - y + width - 11))] = 1;
              buffer[2 - y + width - 11 + (width * (5 - x))] = 1;
            } else {
              this._setMask(5 - x, 2 - y + width - 11);
              this._setMask(2 - y + width - 11, 5 - x);
            }
          }
        }
      }
    },

    _isMasked: function(x, y) {
      var bit = Frame._getMaskBit(x, y);

      return this._mask[bit] === 1;
    },

    _pack: function() {
      var bit, i, j;
      var k = 1;
      var v = 1;
      var width = this.width;
      var x = width - 1;
      var y = width - 1;

      // Interleaved data and ECC codes.
      var length = ((this._dataBlock + this._eccBlock) * (this._neccBlock1 + this._neccBlock2)) + this._neccBlock2;

      for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
        bit = this._stringBuffer[i];

        for (j = 0; j < 8; j++, bit <<= 1) {
          if (0x80 & bit) {
            this.buffer[x + (width * y)] = 1;
          }

          // Find next fill position.
          do {
            if (v) {
              x--;
            } else {
              x++;

              if (k) {
                if (y !== 0) {
                  y--;
                } else {
                  x -= 2;
                  k = !k;

                  if (x === 6) {
                    x--;
                    y = 9;
                  }
                }
              } else if (y !== width - 1) {
                y++;
              } else {
                x -= 2;
                k = !k;

                if (x === 6) {
                  x--;
                  y -= 8;
                }
              }
            }

            v = !v;
          } while (this._isMasked(x, y));
        }
      }
    },

    _reverseMask: function() {
      var x, y;
      var width = this.width;

      for (x = 0; x < 9; x++) {
        this._setMask(x, 8);
      }

      for (x = 0; x < 8; x++) {
        this._setMask(x + width - 8, 8);
        this._setMask(8, x);
      }

      for (y = 0; y < 7; y++) {
        this._setMask(8, y + width - 7);
      }
    },

    _setMask: function(x, y) {
      var bit = Frame._getMaskBit(x, y);

      this._mask[bit] = 1;
    },

    _syncMask: function() {
      var x, y;
      var width = this.width;

      for (y = 0; y < width; y++) {
        for (x = 0; x <= y; x++) {
          if (this.buffer[x + (width * y)]) {
            this._setMask(x, y);
          }
        }
      }
    }

  }, {

    _createArray: function(length) {
      var i;
      var array = [];

      for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
        array[i] = 0;
      }

      return array;
    },

    _getMaskBit: function(x, y) {
      var bit;

      if (x > y) {
        bit = x;
        x = y;
        y = bit;
      }

      bit = y;
      bit += y * y;
      bit >>= 1;
      bit += x;

      return bit;
    },

    _modN: function(x) {
      while (x >= 255) {
        x -= 255;
        x = (x >> 8) + (x & 255);
      }

      return x;
    },

    // *Badness* coefficients.
    N1: 3,
    N2: 3,
    N3: 40,
    N4: 10

  });

  var Frame_1 = Frame;

  /**
   * The options used by {@link Frame}.
   *
   * @typedef {Object} Frame~Options
   * @property {string} level - The ECC level to be used.
   * @property {string} value - The value to be encoded.
   */

  /**
   * An implementation of {@link Renderer} for working with <code>img</code> elements.
   *
   * This depends on {@link CanvasRenderer} being executed first as this implementation simply applies the data URL from
   * the rendered <code>canvas</code> element as the <code>src</code> for the <code>img</code> element being rendered.
   *
   * @public
   * @class
   * @extends Renderer
   */
  var ImageRenderer = Renderer_1.extend({

    /**
     * @override
     */
    draw: function() {
      this.element.src = this.qrious.toDataURL();
    },

    /**
     * @override
     */
    reset: function() {
      this.element.src = '';
    },

    /**
     * @override
     */
    resize: function() {
      var element = this.element;

      element.width = element.height = this.qrious.size;
    }

  });

  var ImageRenderer_1 = ImageRenderer;

  /**
   * Defines an available option while also configuring how values are applied to the target object.
   *
   * Optionally, a default value can be specified as well a value transformer for greater control over how the option
   * value is applied.
   *
   * If no value transformer is specified, then any specified option will be applied directly. All values are maintained
   * on the target object itself as a field using the option name prefixed with a single underscore.
   *
   * When an option is specified as modifiable, the {@link OptionManager} will be required to include a setter for the
   * property that is defined on the target object that uses the option name.
   *
   * @param {string} name - the name to be used
   * @param {boolean} [modifiable] - <code>true</code> if the property defined on target objects should include a setter;
   * otherwise <code>false</code>
   * @param {*} [defaultValue] - the default value to be used
   * @param {Option~ValueTransformer} [valueTransformer] - the value transformer to be used
   * @public
   * @class
   * @extends Nevis
   */
  var Option = lite.extend(function(name, modifiable, defaultValue, valueTransformer) {
    /**
     * The name for this {@link Option}.
     *
     * @public
     * @type {string}
     * @memberof Option#
     */
    this.name = name;

    /**
     * Whether a setter should be included on the property defined on target objects for this {@link Option}.
     *
     * @public
     * @type {boolean}
     * @memberof Option#
     */
    this.modifiable = Boolean(modifiable);

    /**
     * The default value for this {@link Option}.
     *
     * @public
     * @type {*}
     * @memberof Option#
     */
    this.defaultValue = defaultValue;

    this._valueTransformer = valueTransformer;
  }, {

    /**
     * Transforms the specified <code>value</code> so that it can be applied for this {@link Option}.
     *
     * If a value transformer has been specified for this {@link Option}, it will be called upon to transform
     * <code>value</code>. Otherwise, <code>value</code> will be returned directly.
     *
     * @param {*} value - the value to be transformed
     * @return {*} The transformed value or <code>value</code> if no value transformer is specified.
     * @public
     * @memberof Option#
     */
    transform: function(value) {
      var transformer = this._valueTransformer;
      if (typeof transformer === 'function') {
        return transformer(value, this);
      }

      return value;
    }

  });

  var Option_1 = Option;

  /**
   * Returns a transformed value for the specified <code>value</code> to be applied for the <code>option</code> provided.
   *
   * @callback Option~ValueTransformer
   * @param {*} value - the value to be transformed
   * @param {Option} option - the {@link Option} for which <code>value</code> is being transformed
   * @return {*} The transform value.
   */

  /**
   * Contains utility methods that are useful throughout the library.
   *
   * @public
   * @class
   * @extends Nevis
   */
  var Utilities = lite.extend(null, {

    /**
     * Returns the absolute value of a given number.
     *
     * This method is simply a convenient shorthand for <code>Math.abs</code> while ensuring that nulls are returned as
     * <code>null</code> instead of zero.
     *
     * @param {number} value - the number whose absolute value is to be returned
     * @return {number} The absolute value of <code>value</code> or <code>null</code> if <code>value</code> is
     * <code>null</code>.
     * @public
     * @static
     * @memberof Utilities
     */
    abs: function(value) {
      return value != null ? Math.abs(value) : null;
    },

    /**
     * Returns whether the specified <code>object</code> has a property with the specified <code>name</code> as an own
     * (not inherited) property.
     *
     * @param {Object} object - the object on which the property is to be checked
     * @param {string} name - the name of the property to be checked
     * @return {boolean} <code>true</code> if <code>object</code> has an own property with <code>name</code>.
     * @public
     * @static
     * @memberof Utilities
     */
    hasOwn: function(object, name) {
      return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(object, name);
    },

    /**
     * A non-operation method that does absolutely nothing.
     *
     * @return {void}
     * @public
     * @static
     * @memberof Utilities
     */
    noop: function() {},

    /**
     * Transforms the specified <code>string</code> to upper case while remaining null-safe.
     *
     * @param {string} string - the string to be transformed to upper case
     * @return {string} <code>string</code> transformed to upper case if <code>string</code> is not <code>null</code>.
     * @public
     * @static
     * @memberof Utilities
     */
    toUpperCase: function(string) {
      return string != null ? string.toUpperCase() : null;
    }

  });

  var Utilities_1 = Utilities;

  /**
   * Manages multiple {@link Option} instances that are intended to be used by multiple implementations.
   *
   * Although the option definitions are shared between targets, the values are maintained on the targets themselves.
   *
   * @param {Option[]} options - the options to be used
   * @public
   * @class
   * @extends Nevis
   */
  var OptionManager = lite.extend(function(options) {
    /**
     * The available options for this {@link OptionManager}.
     *
     * @public
     * @type {Object.<string, Option>}
     * @memberof OptionManager#
     */
    this.options = {};

    options.forEach(function(option) {
      this.options[option.name] = option;
    }, this);
  }, {

    /**
     * Returns whether an option with the specified <code>name</code> is available.
     *
     * @param {string} name - the name of the {@link Option} whose existence is to be checked
     * @return {boolean} <code>true</code> if an {@link Option} exists with <code>name</code>; otherwise
     * <code>false</code>.
     * @public
     * @memberof OptionManager#
     */
    exists: function(name) {
      return this.options[name] != null;
    },

    /**
     * Returns the value of the option with the specified <code>name</code> on the <code>target</code> object provided.
     *
     * @param {string} name - the name of the {@link Option} whose value on <code>target</code> is to be returned
     * @param {Object} target - the object from which the value of the named {@link Option} is to be returned
     * @return {*} The value of the {@link Option} with <code>name</code> on <code>target</code>.
     * @public
     * @memberof OptionManager#
     */
    get: function(name, target) {
      return OptionManager._get(this.options[name], target);
    },

    /**
     * Returns a copy of all of the available options on the <code>target</code> object provided.
     *
     * @param {Object} target - the object from which the option name/value pairs are to be returned
     * @return {Object.<string, *>} A hash containing the name/value pairs of all options on <code>target</code>.
     * @public
     * @memberof OptionManager#
     */
    getAll: function(target) {
      var name;
      var options = this.options;
      var result = {};

      for (name in options) {
        if (Utilities_1.hasOwn(options, name)) {
          result[name] = OptionManager._get(options[name], target);
        }
      }

      return result;
    },

    /**
     * Initializes the available options for the <code>target</code> object provided and then applies the initial values
     * within the speciifed <code>options</code>.
     *
     * This method will throw an error if any of the names within <code>options</code> does not match an available option.
     *
     * This involves setting the default values and defining properties for all of the available options on
     * <code>target</code> before finally calling {@link OptionMananger#setAll} with <code>options</code> and
     * <code>target</code>. Any options that are configured to be modifiable will have a setter included in their defined
     * property that will allow its corresponding value to be modified.
     *
     * If a change handler is specified, it will be called whenever the value changes on <code>target</code> for a
     * modifiable option, but only when done so via the defined property's setter.
     *
     * @param {Object.<string, *>} options - the name/value pairs of the initial options to be set
     * @param {Object} target - the object on which the options are to be initialized
     * @param {Function} [changeHandler] - the function to be called whenever the value of an modifiable option changes on
     * <code>target</code>
     * @return {void}
     * @throws {Error} If <code>options</code> contains an invalid option name.
     * @public
     * @memberof OptionManager#
     */
    init: function(options, target, changeHandler) {
      if (typeof changeHandler !== 'function') {
        changeHandler = Utilities_1.noop;
      }

      var name, option;

      for (name in this.options) {
        if (Utilities_1.hasOwn(this.options, name)) {
          option = this.options[name];

          OptionManager._set(option, option.defaultValue, target);
          OptionManager._createAccessor(option, target, changeHandler);
        }
      }

      this._setAll(options, target, true);
    },

    /**
     * Sets the value of the option with the specified <code>name</code> on the <code>target</code> object provided to
     * <code>value</code>.
     *
     * This method will throw an error if <code>name</code> does not match an available option or matches an option that
     * cannot be modified.
     *
     * If <code>value</code> is <code>null</code> and the {@link Option} has a default value configured, then that default
     * value will be used instead. If the {@link Option} also has a value transformer configured, it will be used to
     * transform whichever value was determined to be used.
     *
     * This method returns whether the value of the underlying field on <code>target</code> was changed as a result.
     *
     * @param {string} name - the name of the {@link Option} whose value is to be set
     * @param {*} value - the value to be set for the named {@link Option} on <code>target</code>
     * @param {Object} target - the object on which <code>value</code> is to be set for the named {@link Option}
     * @return {boolean} <code>true</code> if the underlying field on <code>target</code> was changed; otherwise
     * <code>false</code>.
     * @throws {Error} If <code>name</code> is invalid or is for an option that cannot be modified.
     * @public
     * @memberof OptionManager#
     */
    set: function(name, value, target) {
      return this._set(name, value, target);
    },

    /**
     * Sets all of the specified <code>options</code> on the <code>target</code> object provided to their corresponding
     * values.
     *
     * This method will throw an error if any of the names within <code>options</code> does not match an available option
     * or matches an option that cannot be modified.
     *
     * If any value within <code>options</code> is <code>null</code> and the corresponding {@link Option} has a default
     * value configured, then that default value will be used instead. If an {@link Option} also has a value transformer
     * configured, it will be used to transform whichever value was determined to be used.
     *
     * This method returns whether the value for any of the underlying fields on <code>target</code> were changed as a
     * result.
     *
     * @param {Object.<string, *>} options - the name/value pairs of options to be set
     * @param {Object} target - the object on which the options are to be set
     * @return {boolean} <code>true</code> if any of the underlying fields on <code>target</code> were changed; otherwise
     * <code>false</code>.
     * @throws {Error} If <code>options</code> contains an invalid option name or an option that cannot be modiifed.
     * @public
     * @memberof OptionManager#
     */
    setAll: function(options, target) {
      return this._setAll(options, target);
    },

    _set: function(name, value, target, allowUnmodifiable) {
      var option = this.options[name];
      if (!option) {
        throw new Error('Invalid option: ' + name);
      }
      if (!option.modifiable && !allowUnmodifiable) {
        throw new Error('Option cannot be modified: ' + name);
      }

      return OptionManager._set(option, value, target);
    },

    _setAll: function(options, target, allowUnmodifiable) {
      if (!options) {
        return false;
      }

      var name;
      var changed = false;

      for (name in options) {
        if (Utilities_1.hasOwn(options, name) && this._set(name, options[name], target, allowUnmodifiable)) {
          changed = true;
        }
      }

      return changed;
    }

  }, {

    _createAccessor: function(option, target, changeHandler) {
      var descriptor = {
        get: function() {
          return OptionManager._get(option, target);
        }
      };

      if (option.modifiable) {
        descriptor.set = function(value) {
          if (OptionManager._set(option, value, target)) {
            changeHandler(value, option);
          }
        };
      }

      Object.defineProperty(target, option.name, descriptor);
    },

    _get: function(option, target) {
      return target['_' + option.name];
    },

    _set: function(option, value, target) {
      var fieldName = '_' + option.name;
      var oldValue = target[fieldName];
      var newValue = option.transform(value != null ? value : option.defaultValue);

      target[fieldName] = newValue;

      return newValue !== oldValue;
    }

  });

  var OptionManager_1 = OptionManager;

  /**
   * Called whenever the value of a modifiable {@link Option} is changed on a target object via the defined property's
   * setter.
   *
   * @callback OptionManager~ChangeHandler
   * @param {*} value - the new value for <code>option</code> on the target object
   * @param {Option} option - the modifable {@link Option} whose value has changed on the target object.
   * @return {void}
   */

  /**
   * A basic manager for {@link Service} implementations that are mapped to simple names.
   *
   * @public
   * @class
   * @extends Nevis
   */
  var ServiceManager = lite.extend(function() {
    this._services = {};
  }, {

    /**
     * Returns the {@link Service} being managed with the specified <code>name</code>.
     *
     * @param {string} name - the name of the {@link Service} to be returned
     * @return {Service} The {@link Service} is being managed with <code>name</code>.
     * @throws {Error} If no {@link Service} is being managed with <code>name</code>.
     * @public
     * @memberof ServiceManager#
     */
    getService: function(name) {
      var service = this._services[name];
      if (!service) {
        throw new Error('Service is not being managed with name: ' + name);
      }

      return service;
    },

    /**
     * Sets the {@link Service} implementation to be managed for the specified <code>name</code> to the
     * <code>service</code> provided.
     *
     * @param {string} name - the name of the {@link Service} to be managed with <code>name</code>
     * @param {Service} service - the {@link Service} implementation to be managed
     * @return {void}
     * @throws {Error} If a {@link Service} is already being managed with the same <code>name</code>.
     * @public
     * @memberof ServiceManager#
     */
    setService: function(name, service) {
      if (this._services[name]) {
        throw new Error('Service is already managed with name: ' + name);
      }

      if (service) {
        this._services[name] = service;
      }
    }

  });

  var ServiceManager_1 = ServiceManager;

  var optionManager = new OptionManager_1([
    new Option_1('background', true, 'white'),
    new Option_1('backgroundAlpha', true, 1, Utilities_1.abs),
    new Option_1('element'),
    new Option_1('foreground', true, 'black'),
    new Option_1('foregroundAlpha', true, 1, Utilities_1.abs),
    new Option_1('level', true, 'L', Utilities_1.toUpperCase),
    new Option_1('mime', true, 'image/png'),
    new Option_1('padding', true, null, Utilities_1.abs),
    new Option_1('size', true, 100, Utilities_1.abs),
    new Option_1('value', true, '')
  ]);
  var serviceManager = new ServiceManager_1();

  /**
   * Enables configuration of a QR code generator which uses HTML5 <code>canvas</code> for rendering.
   *
   * @param {QRious~Options} [options] - the options to be used
   * @throws {Error} If any <code>options</code> are invalid.
   * @public
   * @class
   * @extends Nevis
   */
  var QRious = lite.extend(function(options) {
    optionManager.init(options, this, this.update.bind(this));

    var element = optionManager.get('element', this);
    var elementService = serviceManager.getService('element');
    var canvas = element && elementService.isCanvas(element) ? element : elementService.createCanvas();
    var image = element && elementService.isImage(element) ? element : elementService.createImage();

    this._canvasRenderer = new CanvasRenderer_1(this, canvas, true);
    this._imageRenderer = new ImageRenderer_1(this, image, image === element);

    this.update();
  }, {

    /**
     * Returns all of the options configured for this {@link QRious}.
     *
     * Any changes made to the returned object will not be reflected in the options themselves or their corresponding
     * underlying fields.
     *
     * @return {Object.<string, *>} A copy of the applied options.
     * @public
     * @memberof QRious#
     */
    get: function() {
      return optionManager.getAll(this);
    },

    /**
     * Sets all of the specified <code>options</code> and automatically updates this {@link QRious} if any of the
     * underlying fields are changed as a result.
     *
     * This is the preferred method for updating multiple options at one time to avoid unnecessary updates between
     * changes.
     *
     * @param {QRious~Options} options - the options to be set
     * @return {void}
     * @throws {Error} If any <code>options</code> are invalid or cannot be modified.
     * @public
     * @memberof QRious#
     */
    set: function(options) {
      if (optionManager.setAll(options, this)) {
        this.update();
      }
    },

    /**
     * Returns the image data URI for the generated QR code using the <code>mime</code> provided.
     *
     * @param {string} [mime] - the MIME type for the image
     * @return {string} The image data URI for the QR code.
     * @public
     * @memberof QRious#
     */
    toDataURL: function(mime) {
      return this.canvas.toDataURL(mime || this.mime);
    },

    /**
     * Updates this {@link QRious} by generating a new {@link Frame} and re-rendering the QR code.
     *
     * @return {void}
     * @protected
     * @memberof QRious#
     */
    update: function() {
      var frame = new Frame_1({
        level: this.level,
        value: this.value
      });

      this._canvasRenderer.render(frame);
      this._imageRenderer.render(frame);
    }

  }, {

    /**
     * Configures the <code>service</code> provided to be used by all {@link QRious} instances.
     *
     * @param {Service} service - the {@link Service} to be configured
     * @return {void}
     * @throws {Error} If a {@link Service} has already been configured with the same name.
     * @public
     * @static
     * @memberof QRious
     */
    use: function(service) {
      serviceManager.setService(service.getName(), service);
    }

  });

  Object.defineProperties(QRious.prototype, {

    canvas: {
      /**
       * Returns the <code>canvas</code> element being used to render the QR code for this {@link QRious}.
       *
       * @return {*} The <code>canvas</code> element.
       * @public
       * @memberof QRious#
       * @alias canvas
       */
      get: function() {
        return this._canvasRenderer.getElement();
      }
    },

    image: {
      /**
       * Returns the <code>img</code> element being used to render the QR code for this {@link QRious}.
       *
       * @return {*} The <code>img</code> element.
       * @public
       * @memberof QRious#
       * @alias image
       */
      get: function() {
        return this._imageRenderer.getElement();
      }
    }

  });

  var QRious_1$2 = QRious;

  /**
   * The options used by {@link QRious}.
   *
   * @typedef {Object} QRious~Options
   * @property {string} [background="white"] - The background color to be applied to the QR code.
   * @property {number} [backgroundAlpha=1] - The background alpha to be applied to the QR code.
   * @property {*} [element] - The element to be used to render the QR code which may either be an <code>canvas</code> or
   * <code>img</code>. The element(s) will be created if needed.
   * @property {string} [foreground="black"] - The foreground color to be applied to the QR code.
   * @property {number} [foregroundAlpha=1] - The foreground alpha to be applied to the QR code.
   * @property {string} [level="L"] - The error correction level to be applied to the QR code.
   * @property {string} [mime="image/png"] - The MIME type to be used to render the image for the QR code.
   * @property {number} [padding] - The padding for the QR code in pixels.
   * @property {number} [size=100] - The size of the QR code in pixels.
   * @property {string} [value=""] - The value to be encoded within the QR code.
   */

  var index = QRious_1$2;

  /**
   * Defines a service contract that must be met by all implementations.
   *
   * @public
   * @class
   * @extends Nevis
   */
  var Service = lite.extend({

    /**
     * Returns the name of this {@link Service}.
     *
     * @return {string} The service name.
     * @public
     * @abstract
     * @memberof Service#
     */
    getName: function() {}

  });

  var Service_1 = Service;

  /**
   * A service for working with elements.
   *
   * @public
   * @class
   * @extends Service
   */
  var ElementService = Service_1.extend({

    /**
     * Creates an instance of a canvas element.
     *
     * Implementations of {@link ElementService} <b>must</b> override this method with their own specific logic.
     *
     * @return {*} The newly created canvas element.
     * @public
     * @abstract
     * @memberof ElementService#
     */
    createCanvas: function() {},

    /**
     * Creates an instance of a image element.
     *
     * Implementations of {@link ElementService} <b>must</b> override this method with their own specific logic.
     *
     * @return {*} The newly created image element.
     * @public
     * @abstract
     * @memberof ElementService#
     */
    createImage: function() {},

    /**
     * @override
     */
    getName: function() {
      return 'element';
    },

    /**
     * Returns whether the specified <code>element</code> is a canvas.
     *
     * Implementations of {@link ElementService} <b>must</b> override this method with their own specific logic.
     *
     * @param {*} element - the element to be checked
     * @return {boolean} <code>true</code> if <code>element</code> is a canvas; otherwise <code>false</code>.
     * @public
     * @abstract
     * @memberof ElementService#
     */
    isCanvas: function(element) {},

    /**
     * Returns whether the specified <code>element</code> is an image.
     *
     * Implementations of {@link ElementService} <b>must</b> override this method with their own specific logic.
     *
     * @param {*} element - the element to be checked
     * @return {boolean} <code>true</code> if <code>element</code> is an image; otherwise <code>false</code>.
     * @public
     * @abstract
     * @memberof ElementService#
     */
    isImage: function(element) {}

  });

  var ElementService_1 = ElementService;

  /**
   * An implementation of {@link ElementService} intended for use within a browser environment.
   *
   * @public
   * @class
   * @extends ElementService
   */
  var BrowserElementService = ElementService_1.extend({

    /**
     * @override
     */
    createCanvas: function() {
      return document.createElement('canvas');
    },

    /**
     * @override
     */
    createImage: function() {
      return document.createElement('img');
    },

    /**
     * @override
     */
    isCanvas: function(element) {
      return element instanceof HTMLCanvasElement;
    },

    /**
     * @override
     */
    isImage: function(element) {
      return element instanceof HTMLImageElement;
    }

  });

  var BrowserElementService_1 = BrowserElementService;

  index.use(new BrowserElementService_1());

  var QRious_1 = index;

  return QRious_1;

})));