diff --git a/app/models/trusted_device_token.rb b/app/models/trusted_device_token.rb
index 65f37ffcc..06d84a4a9 100644
--- a/app/models/trusted_device_token.rb
+++ b/app/models/trusted_device_token.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class TrustedDeviceToken < ApplicationRecord
   LOGIN_TOKEN_VALIDITY = 1.week
   LOGIN_TOKEN_YOUTH = 15.minutes
 
-  belongs_to :instructeur
+  belongs_to :instructeur, optional: false
   has_secure_token
 
   def token_valid?
diff --git a/spec/factories/trusted_device_token.rb b/spec/factories/trusted_device_token.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cee78e328
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/factories/trusted_device_token.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+FactoryBot.define do
+  factory :trusted_device_token do
+    association :instructeur
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/models/trusted_device_token_spec.rb b/spec/models/trusted_device_token_spec.rb
index ed5ae1e51..d3aa8b89b 100644
--- a/spec/models/trusted_device_token_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/models/trusted_device_token_spec.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 RSpec.describe TrustedDeviceToken, type: :model do
   describe '#token_valid?' do
-    let(:token) { TrustedDeviceToken.create }
+    let(:token) { create(:trusted_device_token) }
 
     context 'when the token is create after login_token_validity' do
       it { expect(token.token_valid?).to be true }
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ RSpec.describe TrustedDeviceToken, type: :model do
   end
 
   describe '#token_young?' do
-    let(:token) { TrustedDeviceToken.create }
+    let(:token) { create(:trusted_device_token) }
 
     context 'when the token is create after login_token_youth' do
       it { expect(token.token_young?).to be true }